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PSY325 > Week 6 - Alzheimer's and Dementias > Flashcards

Week 6 - Alzheimer's and Dementias Flashcards

1
Q

What is cortical dementia?

A

Preferential neuronal loss to cortical regions of the brain

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2
Q

What is the strongest predictor of Alzheimers?

A

Increase of age

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3
Q

What gender is more likely to develop Alzheimers?

A

Twice as many women as men

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4
Q

What is the average duration of Alzheimers?

A

8-10yrs, rarely survive more than 15

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5
Q

What stages precede the clinical symptomatic phases of Alzheimers?

A

Preclinical

Prodromal stages

Extend over two decades

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6
Q

What is the most common type of alzheimers?

A

Sporadic with a mean age of onset of 80yrs

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7
Q

What age is familial alzheimers onset?

A

<50yrs

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8
Q

What are the two key features of alzheimers?

A
  1. Targets specific regions of the brain

2. Targeted structures sustain massive cell loss

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9
Q

Where does preferential cell loss occur?

A

In cortical grey matter of the brain and limbic structures (hippocampus, amygdala)

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10
Q

Where is cortical atrophy most evident in the brain?

A

Frontal

Temporal

Parietal lobes

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11
Q

Dendritic arborisation causes neuronal loss in the frontal, temporal and parietal lobes. How much loss is there in these areas?

A

50%

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12
Q

What is a result of cortical thinning?

A

Ventricular enlargement

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13
Q

What brain areas reveal massive cell loss?

A

Parietal

Temporal

Hippocampus and structures leading to it

Amygdala

Specific subthalamic nuclei

Specific subcortical frontal areas (basal forebrain, olfactory areas)

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14
Q

What are the two primary findings by Alois Alzheimer which are still primary histological markers or DAT?

A

Amyloid/senile plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles

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15
Q

What are amyloid/senile plaques?

A

Clump like deposits in the neuropil (areas where there are large numbers of synapses) round aggregates of cellular trash.

Plaques contain beta-amyloid protein, as well are apolipoprotein E (ApoE)

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16
Q

What are neurofibrillary tangles?

A

Resemble entwined and twisted pairs of rope within cytoplasm of swollen cell bodies.

Tangles made of proteins (tau proteins)

17
Q

Where are neurofibrillary tangles disproportionately concentrated?

A

Temporal-parietal areas

Hippocampus complex

18
Q

Where are senile plaques concentrated?

A

Frontal and temporal regions of the brain

Hippocampal complex

19
Q

What are some signs and symptoms that are usually associated with the onset of AD?

A

Failing recent memory

Depression and irritability

Occasionally a seizure

One or more language problems

Disorientation and confusion when a sudden disruption to work or social life occurs

20
Q

In what stage of AD do primitive reflexes reemerge?

A

End stage AD

21
Q

Describe the neuropathology of frontal-lobe dementia

A

Significant atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes

Some changes in the parietal lobes

Subcortical structures unaffected

Cerebellum and brainstem unaffected

22
Q

What are some characteristics of the initial stages of frontal-lobe dementia?

A

Silliness

Socially disinhibited behaviour

Poor judgement

Incontinence

23
Q

What are some characteristics of middle stage frontal lobe dementia?

A

progressive apathy

Blunted affect

significant cognitive dysfunction

24
Q

What are some characteristics of late stage frontal lobe dementia?

A

Mute

Display motor rigidity

Typically ends in terminal vegetative state

25
Q

What is the prevalence of frontal-lobe dementia?

A

12% of all dementia cases

26
Q

What is the duration of frontal-lobe dementia?

A

2-17 years

27
Q

What is huntington’s disease?

A

Progressive subcortical dementia

Rare

Linked to gene ITI5 on chromosome 4

28
Q

When does onset of huntington’s disease usually occur?

A

30-40yrs of age

29
Q

How many years can a person survive with huntington’s disease?

A

10-2- years following onset

Always fatal

30
Q

What is the primary neuropathalogical change in huntington’s disease?

A

Bilateral deterioration of the caudate nucleus

white matter structures

cerebellum

31
Q

What is the caudate nucleus?

A

Component of the basal ganglia

Involved in timing, ordering, and sequencing of movement patterns

32
Q

What is multi-infarct (vascular) dementia?

A

Second largest type of dementia

Results from multiple infarction of brain tissue, from repeated strokes or blockages to blood vessels

Can present with either subcortical features, cortical features or a combination of the two

33
Q

How does multi-infarct dementia differ from AD?

A

Onset it acute and rapid

History of risk factors for stroke

Focal neurological signs consistent with focal brain damage

Better memory performance than with AD

Reduced verbal production

etc

34
Q

What are the 4 types of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD)?

A
  1. Sporatic
  2. Variant
  3. Familial
  4. Iatrogenic
35
Q

What is the most common type of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Sporadic

36
Q

What type of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease occurs due to cross species infection via consumption of tainted meat containing neural tissue?

A

Variant

37
Q

What is familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Extremely rare familial variant of CJD only found in a handful or families, results in fatal insomnia

38
Q

What is Iatrogenic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Humans can transmit CJD to each other via transplants of affected neuronal tissue, corneal transplants or contamination via medical procedures

39
Q

What is a conseuqnce of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease?

A

Astrogliosis appears as a result of glia filling areas following death of neurons

PSY325 (11 decks)

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