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PSY325 > Week 5 - MS > Flashcards

Week 5 - MS Flashcards

1
Q

What pathologies cause MS?

A

Inflammatory and Neurogenerative

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2
Q

MS is a complex _____-____ based progressive _________ ______.

A

Auto-immune

Neurological disorder

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3
Q

What kind of white blood cells help immune functioning?

A

B cells

T cells

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4
Q

What are B cells?

A

White blood cells that help immune function

  • develop in bone marrow
  • produce antibodies that ambush foreign antigens in bloodstream
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5
Q

What are T cells?

A

White blood cells that help immune function

  • Develop in thymus gland (near lungs)
  • direct attacks of foreign substances such as bacteria, viruses or foreign tissues (cancerous cells)
  • Augment B cell response
  • Produce substances called cytokines that direct responses and activities in other immune cells
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6
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

Thymus gland (near lungs)

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7
Q

What are the visual symptoms of MS?

A

Nystagmus
Optic neuritis
Diplopia

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8
Q

What are some central symptoms of MS?

A

Fatigue

Cognitive impairment

Depression

Unstable mood

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9
Q

What are some symptoms of speech/throat associated with MS?

A

Dysarthria

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10
Q

What are some musculoskeletal symptoms of MS?

A

Weakness

Spasms

Ataxia

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11
Q

What are some sensation symptoms of MS?

A

Pain

Hypothesias

Paraethesias

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12
Q

What are some bowel symptoms of MS?

A

Incontinence

Diarrhea or constipation

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13
Q

What are some urinary symptoms of MS?

A

Incontinence

Frequency or retention

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14
Q

What is the age of onset for MS?

A

Late 20s/early 30s

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15
Q

What gender is more prone to MS?

A

Females

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16
Q

How many people worldwide have MS?

A

2.5mil

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17
Q

How many people in Australia currently have MS?

A

24,000

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of MS?

A

Relapsing-remitting

Primary progressive

Secondary progressive

Progressive-relapsing

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19
Q

What is relapsing-remitting MS?

A

Unpredictable attacks which may or may not leave permanent deficits followed by periods of remission

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20
Q

What is primary progressive MS?

A

Steady increase in disability without attacks

21
Q

What is secondary progressive MS?

A

Initial relapsing-remitting MS that suddenly begins to have decline without periods of remission

22
Q

What is progressive-relapsing MS?

A

Steady decline since onset with superimposed attacks

23
Q

What is often considered an ‘invisible symptom’ of MS?

A

Cognitive impairment

24
Q

How many people with MS in Australia have cognitive impairments?

A

58%

25
Q

What cognitive areas are most affected by MS?

A

Processing speed

Complex attention

New learning and memory

Prospective memory

Executive functions

Social cognition

26
Q

What cognitive areas are least affected by MS?

A

General knowledge

Intelligence

Basic attention and orientation

Language

Immediate recognition memory

Implicit memory

27
Q

why is a lack processing speed a hallmark feature of MS?

A

Myelin loss

Slowed neuron/nerve conduction

Invisible damage to neurons/nerves

28
Q

What is affected by slow processing speed?

A

Higher-order cognition (eg. executive functioning, memory)

29
Q

What tests may be used to assess processing speed?

A

Symbol digit Modality test

30
Q

How is complex attention affected by MS?

A

Working memory

Divided attention (eg. switching between tasks, do one task and forget about the other)

Sustained attention

31
Q

How does MS affect long-term memory?

A

One of the most reported symptoms

Forgetting what someone tells you

Having a thought but then forgetting it quickly

Learning difficulties rather than retrieval

prospective memory

32
Q

What undermines a persons memory with MS?

A

Slow processing speed

Susceptibility to interference

Executive difficulties

visual difficulties

33
Q

How does MS affect visualspatial abilities?

A

Visual disturbances due to optic nerves (optic neuritis)

Can result in difficulties with:

Organising visual info

seeing relationships between objects

Proprioception

34
Q

How does MS affect executive abilities?

A

Disorganisation

Difficulty sequencing/planning

Problem solving difficulties

Lack flexibility

Lack ability to maintain focus with distractors

35
Q

What undermines executive function for people with MS?

A

Slow processing speed

36
Q

How does the pseudobular affect, affect social cognitions?

A

Uncontrollable laughing/crying

More intense/ out of context

37
Q

How does MS affect social cognitions such as emotion recognition?

A

Impaired on fear and anger

38
Q

How can we measure a person’s theory of mind?

A

Mind in the Eyes Task

TASIT - measures sarcasm

39
Q

What social cognitions are affected by MS?

A

Pseudobular affect

Emotion recognition

Theory of mind

Emotional lability

Inappropriate behaviour eg. sexual disinhibition

40
Q

How is MS dementia different from AD?

A

Basic language intact in MS relative to AD

Complex attention impaired more than AD in early phases

Memory problems different in MS - due to retrieval or initial acquisition in MS rather than storage/retention in AD

Orientation to place/person rarely affected in MS

41
Q

What are some treatments for MS relapses?

A

Corticosteroids

Plasma exchange

42
Q

What are the three types of disease modifying therapies or DMTs?

A

Immunosuppressants

Immunomodulators

Immune constitution therapy

43
Q

What are the six stages of stem cell therapy?

A
  1. Stem cells moved from bone marrow to blood stream using chemotherapy and synthetic growth factor
  2. Machine collects blood and separates out stem cells
  3. Stem cells frozen ready to return to body later
  4. More chemotherapy used to fully or partially wipe out bone marrow and immune system
  5. Stem cells returned tp body using a drip
  6. Body recovers over a period of 3-6 months or longer
44
Q

How may you improve memory in people living with MS?

A

Use techniques to increase chances of encoding/storing information

45
Q

How may you improve executive abilities in those with MS?

A

Break things down into manageable steps

Take time to plan ahead and diarise

For big decisions, take time to list alternatives

Ask for help with more difficult tasks

46
Q

How can you lower fatigue symptoms of MS?

A

Take regular breaks

Do important tasks when most alert

CBT - change perceptions of management

47
Q

How can sleep quality improve cognition?

A

Better sleep = better memory and executive functioning

48
Q

How can exercise improve cognition?

A

Improves verbal memory

Increases cardio-respiratory fitness

Lowers inhibitory errors

PSY325 (11 decks)

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