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Vett 118 > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

mediastinum

A

cavity between the lungs where heart lies

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2
Q

pericardium

A

double walled membrane surrounding the heart

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3
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

outer layer of pericardium

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4
Q

serous layer

A

inner layer of pericardium, divided into two parts.

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5
Q

parietal layer

A

serous layer of pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium

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6
Q

visceral layer

A

serous layer of pericardium that lines the heart

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7
Q

Preicardial space

A

space between the serous layers of pericardium

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8
Q

Pericardial fluid

A

liquid in pericardial space.

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9
Q

coronary arteries

A

arteries that serve the heart

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10
Q

coron/o

A

crown

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11
Q

epicardium

A

external layer of heart. aka visceral pericardium.

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12
Q

myocardium

A

middle and thickest layer of heart. The actual heart muscle

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13
Q

endocardium

A

inner layer of heart. Lines the heart chambers and valves

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14
Q

coronary veins

A

remove waste products from the myocardium

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15
Q

coronary occlusion

A

blockage of blood to the myocardium

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16
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency of blood to an area

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17
Q

infarction

A

localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply

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18
Q

Atria

A

craniodorsal chambers of heart where vessels enter

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19
Q

interatrial septum

A

wall separating left and right atria

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20
Q

Ventricles

A

caudoventral chambers of the heart. Pumping chambers where all vessels leave the heart

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21
Q

intraventricular septum

A

wall separating the left and right ventricles

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22
Q

cardiac apex

A

narrow tip of the heart

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23
Q

right atrioventricular valve

A

Tricuspid Valve. three pointed valve controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle

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24
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Controls blood entering lungs

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25
Q

left atrioventricular valve

A

Mitral valve or Bicuspid. controls opening between left atrium and left vetnricle

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26
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

between left ventricle and aorta. Controls blood entering the arterial system.

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27
Q

cardiac output

A

volume of blood pumped by heart per unit time

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28
Q

stroke volume

A

volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat

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29
Q

sinoatrial node

A

located in wall of r atrium, works with purkinje fibers to establish rhythm of heartbeat. Pacemaker of the heart.

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30
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

atypical cardiac muscle cells associated with the ventricles that help sinoatrial node keep pace.

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31
Q

atrial systole

A

atrial contraction

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32
Q

intropy

A

force of contraction

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33
Q

atrioventricular node

A

AV node. Conducts impulses more slowly than SA node, allowing ventricles to fill with blood

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34
Q

bundle of His/AV bundle

A

Nerve bundle that becomes Purkinje fibers, which carry the impulse from the AV node through the ventricular muscle, causing ventricles to contract.

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35
Q

Ventricular systole

A

ventricular contraction. Forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.

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36
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

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37
Q

systole

A

contraction

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38
Q

sinus rhythm

A

normal heart rhythm that starts in the sinoatrial node

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39
Q

arrhythmia/dysrhythmia

A

irregular heartbeat due to SA node not functioning properly.

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40
Q

palpitation

A

heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm

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41
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions

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42
Q

fluttter

A

cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular

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43
Q

bradycardia

A

abnormally slow heartbeat

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44
Q

tachycardia

A

abnormally fast heartbeat

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45
Q

paroxism

A

sudden confulsion or spasm

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46
Q

normal sinus arrhythmia

A

irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration

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47
Q

asystole

A

without contraction or lack of heart activity. flat line on ECG

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48
Q

syncope

A

temporary suspension of respiration and circulation

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49
Q

gallop

A

low frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole.

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50
Q

Preload

A

volume of blood entering the right side of the heart (right side diastolic volume)

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51
Q

Afterload

A

impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure.

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52
Q

holosystolic/pansystolic murmur

A

occur during the entire ventricular contraction phase

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53
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

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54
Q

crescendo murmur

A

murmur that progressively increase in loudness

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55
Q

thrill

A

vibration felt on palpation of chest as a result of a heart murmur

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56
Q

angi/o, vas/o

A

vessel

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57
Q

lumen

A

opening in a vessel through which fluid flows

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58
Q

vascoconstrictors

A

things that narrow diameter

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59
Q

vasodilators

A

things that widen vessel diameter

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60
Q

hilus

A

depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ

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61
Q

celiac artery

A

supplies blood to stomach, liver, and spleen

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62
Q

subclavian artery

A

located under the collarbone

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63
Q

arterioles

A

smaller branches of arteries which carry blood to capillaries

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64
Q

capillaries

A

single-cell-thick vessels that connect arterial and venous systems

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65
Q

perfusion

A

blood flow through tissues

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66
Q

venules

A

tiny vessels connected to capillaries that carry blood to veins

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67
Q

ven/o, phleb/o

A

vein

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68
Q

azygous vein

A

single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures

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69
Q

sphygmomanometer

A

amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. How BP is measured.

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70
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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71
Q

man/o

A

pressure

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72
Q

perivascular

A

around the vessels. usually describes an error of intravenous injection

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73
Q

angiocardiography

A

radiographic study of blood vessels and heart using contrast material

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74
Q

cardiac cathetterization

A

radiographic study in which catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow.

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75
Q

echocardiography

A

process of evaluating heart structures using sound waves

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76
Q

doppler echocardiography

A

uses the differences in frewquency between sound waves and echoes to measure velocity of moving object.

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77
Q

Holter monitor

A

24 hour ECG that records onto a specialized tape recorder

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78
Q

aneurysm

A

localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery

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79
Q

aortic insufficiency

A

inability of aortic valve to perform at proper levels, causing blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.

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80
Q

atherosclerosis

A

hardening and narrowing of arteries

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81
Q

ather/o

A

plaque or fatty substance

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82
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in pericardial sac

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83
Q

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

excessive growth of left ventricle

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84
Q

dilated cardiomopathy

A

thin walled left ventricle. AKA congestive.

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85
Q

ascites

A

fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity

86
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal fluid accumulation between layers of membrane encasing the lungs.

87
Q

cor pulmonale

A

alterations in structure or function of R ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension. AKA pulmonary heart disease

88
Q

dirofilariosis

A

heartworm disease.

89
Q

microfilariae

A

tiny larvae of heartworm

90
Q

caval syndrome

A

obstruction of blood flow from vena cava caused by HW infestation

91
Q

embolus

A

foreign object ( i.e. air, clot, tissue) circulating in blood

92
Q

embolism

A

blockage of vessel by foreign object

93
Q

endocarditis

A

inflammation of endocardium

94
Q

heart block

A

interference with electrical conduction of heart

95
Q

hemangioma

A

benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels

96
Q

hypercapnia

A

above normal levels of CO2.

97
Q

Hypoxia

A

reduced levels of O2.

98
Q

cyanosis

A

bluish tinge of skin & mm caused by lack of O2

99
Q

hypocapnia

A

below normal levels of CO2

100
Q

infarct

A

localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply

101
Q

ischemia

A

deficiency in blood supply

102
Q

isch/o

A

hold back

103
Q

mitral stenosis

A

narrowing of opening of mitral valve. Abb. MS

104
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

abnormal protrusion of L atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of valve

105
Q

myocarditis

A

inflammation of myocardium

106
Q

occlusion

A

blockage of vessel or passage in body

107
Q

patent ductus arteriosus

A

persistence of fetal communication between L pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth. Abb. PDA

108
Q

pulmonic stenosis

A

narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and R ventricle

109
Q

shock

A

inadequate tissue perfusion

110
Q

tetralogy of Fallot

A

congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that has four anatomical defects in heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy

111
Q

thromboembolism

A

blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation

112
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery

113
Q

vasculitis

A

inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel

114
Q

ventricular septal defect

A

opening in the wall dividing the R and L ventricles that may allow blood to shunt (divert) from R to L without being oxygenated. Abb. VSD

115
Q

angioplasty

A

surgical repair of blood/lymph vessel

116
Q

transluminal

A

procedure done through opening of a vessel

117
Q

percutaneous

A

procedure done through the skin

118
Q

angiorrhaphy

A

suture of a vessel

119
Q

arteriectomy

A

surgical removal of part of an artery

120
Q

central venous pressure

A

tension exerted by blood in the craneal vena cava. Abb. CVP

121
Q

Upper respiratory tract

A

nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx

122
Q

Lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

123
Q

nares

A

nostrils

124
Q

endotherms

A

warm blooded animals

125
Q

nasal turbinates/conchae

A

scroll like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes that warm, humidify, and filter inspired air.

126
Q

meatus

A

nasal passage

127
Q

meat/o

A

opening or passageway

128
Q

nasogastric tube

A

tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach

129
Q

vestibule

A

rostral part of nostrils and nasal cavity

130
Q

pharynx

A

throat

131
Q

nasopharynx

A

portion of throat posterior to nasal cavity and dorsal to soft palate

132
Q

oropharynx

A

portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis

133
Q

laryngopharynx

A

portion of throat dorsal to larynx that opens into voice box and esophagus

134
Q

epiglottis

A

acts like a lid and covers the larynz during swallowing

135
Q

larynx

A

part of respiratory tract between pharynx and trachea. AKA voice box

136
Q

glottis

A

space between vocal cords

137
Q

syrinx

A

vocal apparatus of avian species

138
Q

tracheal bifurcation

A

area at distal end of trachea where trachea divides into two branches of bronchi

139
Q

principal/primary bronchus

A

two main bronchi that lead to separate lungs

140
Q

tertiary bronchus

A

bronchioles

141
Q

alveoli

A

air sacs at the end of bronchioles in which most of the gas exchange occurs

142
Q

surfactant

A

liquid located in alveoli that reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli during respiration

143
Q

parenchyma

A

functional elements of an organ

144
Q

stroma

A

an organ’s framework

145
Q

mediastinum

A

region between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus

146
Q

pleura

A

membranous sac that encases lung

147
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity

148
Q

visceral pleura

A

inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung

149
Q

pleural space

A

potential space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura.

150
Q

pleural fluid

A

small amount of lubricating fluid between visceral and parietal pleura which prevents friction and provides adhesive force to keep lungs in contact with chest wall as it expands during inspiration.

151
Q

phren/o

A

diaphragm

152
Q

inspiration

A

inhalation

153
Q

expiration

A

exhalation

154
Q

spir/o

A

breath/breathing

155
Q

apnea

A

abscence of breathing

156
Q

dyspnea

A

difficult/labored breathing

157
Q

-pnea

A

breathing

158
Q

tachypnea

A

abnormal rapid breathing

159
Q

hyperpnea

A

abnormal increase in rate and depth of respirations

160
Q

hypopnea

A

abnormally slow or shallow respirations

161
Q

hyperventilation

A

abnormally rapid deep breathing resulting in lowered levels of cellular CO2

162
Q

agonal breathing

A

respirations near death or during extreme suffering

163
Q

capn/o

A

CO2

164
Q

Hypoxia

A

inadequate supply of oxygen despite adequate blood supply

165
Q

hypercapnia

A

excessive amount of

CO2 in blood

166
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

Lowered pH of blood due to decreased ventilation and excess CO2

167
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

Increased pH due to increased ventilation and lowered CO2 in blood

168
Q

metabolic acidosis/alkalosis

A

caused by metabolic factors like vomiting or renal disease.

169
Q

tidal volume

A

amount of air exchanged during normal respiration

170
Q

inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air

A

amount of air inspired over tidal volume

171
Q

expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air

A

amount of air expired over tidal volume

172
Q

residual volume

A

air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

173
Q

dead space

A

air in the pathway of the respiratory system

174
Q

minimal volume

A

amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses

175
Q

vital capacity

A

largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung

176
Q

arterial blood gases

A

lab test in which pressure levels of O2 and CO2 are measured. Abb. ABG

177
Q

adventitious sounds

A

pathologic respiratory sounds

178
Q

crepitation/rales/crackles

A

fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration

179
Q

consolidation

A

condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris

180
Q

rhonchi

A

abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration. aka wheezes

181
Q

stridor

A

snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing

182
Q

vesicular sounds

A

resulting from air passing through small bronchi or alveoli

183
Q

bronchoalveolar lavage

A

collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi via endoscope or endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample. may be used for cytologic exam.

184
Q

spirometer

A

instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs. Measures volume and capacity

185
Q

sputum culture

A

procedure in which mucus from lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce

186
Q

tracheal wash

A

collection of fluid or mucus from trachea via endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease

187
Q

transtracheal wash

A

tracheal wash via catheter through skin

188
Q

trephination

A

insertion of a hole-boring instrument into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to roots of teeth.

189
Q

anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

190
Q

asphyxiation

A

interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen. aka suffocation

191
Q

atelectasis

A

incomplete expansion of the alveoli. also may mean collapse of a lung

192
Q

bronchiectasis

A

dilation of bronchi

193
Q

sequela

A

condition following as a consequence of a disease

194
Q

chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease

A

general term for abnormal conditions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed. Abb. COPD

195
Q

emphysema

A

chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in alveolar wall

196
Q

epistaxis

A

nosebleed

197
Q

equine laryngeal hemiplegia/roaring

A

disorder of horses characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of laryngeal muscles.

198
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting of blood from lower respiratory tract

199
Q

laryngoplegia

A

paralysis of voice box

200
Q

phonation

A

act of producing sound

201
Q

pleural effusion

A

abnormal collection of fluid in pleural space

202
Q

pleurisy/pleuritis

A

inflammation of pleura

203
Q

pneumothorax

A

abnormal accumulation of air or gas in chest cavity

204
Q

polyp

A

growth protruding from a mucous membrane (usually benign)

205
Q

pulmonary edema

A

accumulation of fluid in lung tissue

206
Q

pulmonary fibrosis

A

abnormal formation of fibers in alveolar walls

207
Q

antitussives

A

substances used to control/prevent coughing

208
Q

rhinorrhea

A

nasal discharge

209
Q

snuffles

A

common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits

210
Q

paroxysmal

A

sudden and spasmlike

211
Q

tuss/i

A

cough

Vett 118 (10 decks)

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