Week 6 Flashcards
1
Q
mediastinum
A
cavity between the lungs where heart lies
2
Q
pericardium
A
double walled membrane surrounding the heart
3
Q
fibrous pericardium
A
outer layer of pericardium
4
Q
serous layer
A
inner layer of pericardium, divided into two parts.
5
Q
parietal layer
A
serous layer of pericardium that lines the fibrous pericardium
6
Q
visceral layer
A
serous layer of pericardium that lines the heart
7
Q
Preicardial space
A
space between the serous layers of pericardium
8
Q
Pericardial fluid
A
liquid in pericardial space.
9
Q
coronary arteries
A
arteries that serve the heart
10
Q
coron/o
A
crown
11
Q
epicardium
A
external layer of heart. aka visceral pericardium.
12
Q
myocardium
A
middle and thickest layer of heart. The actual heart muscle
13
Q
endocardium
A
inner layer of heart. Lines the heart chambers and valves
14
Q
coronary veins
A
remove waste products from the myocardium
15
Q
coronary occlusion
A
blockage of blood to the myocardium
16
Q
ischemia
A
deficiency of blood to an area
17
Q
infarction
A
localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply
18
Q
Atria
A
craniodorsal chambers of heart where vessels enter
19
Q
interatrial septum
A
wall separating left and right atria
20
Q
Ventricles
A
caudoventral chambers of the heart. Pumping chambers where all vessels leave the heart
21
Q
intraventricular septum
A
wall separating the left and right ventricles
22
Q
cardiac apex
A
narrow tip of the heart
23
Q
right atrioventricular valve
A
Tricuspid Valve. three pointed valve controls opening between right atrium and right ventricle
24
Q
pulmonary semilunar valve
A
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary artery. Controls blood entering lungs
25
left atrioventricular valve
Mitral valve or Bicuspid. controls opening between left atrium and left vetnricle
26
aortic semilunar valve
between left ventricle and aorta. Controls blood entering the arterial system.
27
cardiac output
volume of blood pumped by heart per unit time
28
stroke volume
volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each heartbeat
29
sinoatrial node
located in wall of r atrium, works with purkinje fibers to establish rhythm of heartbeat. Pacemaker of the heart.
30
Purkinje fibers
atypical cardiac muscle cells associated with the ventricles that help sinoatrial node keep pace.
31
atrial systole
atrial contraction
32
intropy
force of contraction
33
atrioventricular node
AV node. Conducts impulses more slowly than SA node, allowing ventricles to fill with blood
34
bundle of His/AV bundle
Nerve bundle that becomes Purkinje fibers, which carry the impulse from the AV node through the ventricular muscle, causing ventricles to contract.
35
Ventricular systole
ventricular contraction. Forces blood into the aorta and pulmonary arteries.
36
diastole
relaxation
37
systole
contraction
38
sinus rhythm
normal heart rhythm that starts in the sinoatrial node
39
arrhythmia/dysrhythmia
irregular heartbeat due to SA node not functioning properly.
40
palpitation
heartbeat sensations that feel like pounding with or without irregularity in rhythm
41
fibrillation
rapid, random, and ineffective heart contractions
42
fluttter
cardiac arrhythmia in which atrial contractions are rapid but regular
43
bradycardia
abnormally slow heartbeat
44
tachycardia
abnormally fast heartbeat
45
paroxism
sudden confulsion or spasm
46
normal sinus arrhythmia
irregular heart rhythm resulting from variation in vagal nerve tone as a result of respiration
47
asystole
without contraction or lack of heart activity. flat line on ECG
48
syncope
temporary suspension of respiration and circulation
49
gallop
low frequency vibrations occurring during early diastole and late diastole.
50
Preload
volume of blood entering the right side of the heart (right side diastolic volume)
51
Afterload
impedance to ventricular emptying presented by aortic pressure.
52
holosystolic/pansystolic murmur
occur during the entire ventricular contraction phase
53
stenosis
narrowing
54
crescendo murmur
murmur that progressively increase in loudness
55
thrill
vibration felt on palpation of chest as a result of a heart murmur
56
angi/o, vas/o
vessel
57
lumen
opening in a vessel through which fluid flows
58
vascoconstrictors
things that narrow diameter
59
vasodilators
things that widen vessel diameter
60
hilus
depression where vessels and nerves enter an organ
61
celiac artery
supplies blood to stomach, liver, and spleen
62
subclavian artery
located under the collarbone
63
arterioles
smaller branches of arteries which carry blood to capillaries
64
capillaries
single-cell-thick vessels that connect arterial and venous systems
65
perfusion
blood flow through tissues
66
venules
tiny vessels connected to capillaries that carry blood to veins
67
ven/o, phleb/o
vein
68
azygous vein
single vein that drains the chest wall and adjacent structures
69
sphygmomanometer
amount of pressure exerted against the walls of the vessels. How BP is measured.
70
sphygm/o
pulse
71
man/o
pressure
72
perivascular
around the vessels. usually describes an error of intravenous injection
73
angiocardiography
radiographic study of blood vessels and heart using contrast material
74
cardiac cathetterization
radiographic study in which catheter is passed into a blood vessel and is guided into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow.
75
echocardiography
process of evaluating heart structures using sound waves
76
doppler echocardiography
uses the differences in frewquency between sound waves and echoes to measure velocity of moving object.
77
Holter monitor
24 hour ECG that records onto a specialized tape recorder
78
aneurysm
localized balloon-like enlargement of an artery
79
aortic insufficiency
inability of aortic valve to perform at proper levels, causing blood flowing back into the left ventricle from the aorta.
80
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of arteries
81
ather/o
plaque or fatty substance
82
cardiac tamponade
compression of the heart due to fluid or blood collection in pericardial sac
83
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
excessive growth of left ventricle
84
dilated cardiomopathy
thin walled left ventricle. AKA congestive.
85
ascites
fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity
86
pleural effusion
abnormal fluid accumulation between layers of membrane encasing the lungs.
87
cor pulmonale
alterations in structure or function of R ventricle caused by pulmonary hypertension. AKA pulmonary heart disease
88
dirofilariosis
heartworm disease.
89
microfilariae
tiny larvae of heartworm
90
caval syndrome
obstruction of blood flow from vena cava caused by HW infestation
91
embolus
foreign object ( i.e. air, clot, tissue) circulating in blood
92
embolism
blockage of vessel by foreign object
93
endocarditis
inflammation of endocardium
94
heart block
interference with electrical conduction of heart
95
hemangioma
benign tumor comprised of newly formed blood vessels
96
hypercapnia
above normal levels of CO2.
97
Hypoxia
reduced levels of O2.
98
cyanosis
bluish tinge of skin & mm caused by lack of O2
99
hypocapnia
below normal levels of CO2
100
infarct
localized area of necrosis caused by interrupted blood supply
101
ischemia
deficiency in blood supply
102
isch/o
hold back
103
mitral stenosis
narrowing of opening of mitral valve. Abb. MS
104
mitral valve prolapse
abnormal protrusion of L atrioventricular valve that results in incomplete closure of valve
105
myocarditis
inflammation of myocardium
106
occlusion
blockage of vessel or passage in body
107
patent ductus arteriosus
persistence of fetal communication between L pulmonary artery and aorta that should close shortly after birth. Abb. PDA
108
pulmonic stenosis
narrowing of the opening and valvular area between the pulmonary artery and R ventricle
109
shock
inadequate tissue perfusion
110
tetralogy of Fallot
congenital cyanotic cardiac condition that has four anatomical defects in heart: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy
111
thromboembolism
blocking of a blood vessel by a part that has broken away from a blood clot at its site of formation
112
thrombus
blood clot attached to the interior wall of a vein or artery
113
vasculitis
inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
114
ventricular septal defect
opening in the wall dividing the R and L ventricles that may allow blood to shunt (divert) from R to L without being oxygenated. Abb. VSD
115
angioplasty
surgical repair of blood/lymph vessel
116
transluminal
procedure done through opening of a vessel
117
percutaneous
procedure done through the skin
118
angiorrhaphy
suture of a vessel
119
arteriectomy
surgical removal of part of an artery
120
central venous pressure
tension exerted by blood in the craneal vena cava. Abb. CVP
121
Upper respiratory tract
nose, mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx
122
Lower respiratory tract
trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
123
nares
nostrils
124
endotherms
warm blooded animals
125
nasal turbinates/conchae
scroll like cartilages covered with highly vascular mucous membranes that warm, humidify, and filter inspired air.
126
meatus
nasal passage
127
meat/o
opening or passageway
128
nasogastric tube
tube that passes through the nose down to the stomach
129
vestibule
rostral part of nostrils and nasal cavity
130
pharynx
throat
131
nasopharynx
portion of throat posterior to nasal cavity and dorsal to soft palate
132
oropharynx
portion of the throat between the soft palate and epiglottis
133
laryngopharynx
portion of throat dorsal to larynx that opens into voice box and esophagus
134
epiglottis
acts like a lid and covers the larynz during swallowing
135
larynx
part of respiratory tract between pharynx and trachea. AKA voice box
136
glottis
space between vocal cords
137
syrinx
vocal apparatus of avian species
138
tracheal bifurcation
area at distal end of trachea where trachea divides into two branches of bronchi
139
principal/primary bronchus
two main bronchi that lead to separate lungs
140
tertiary bronchus
bronchioles
141
alveoli
air sacs at the end of bronchioles in which most of the gas exchange occurs
142
surfactant
liquid located in alveoli that reduce surface tension and prevent collapse of alveoli during respiration
143
parenchyma
functional elements of an organ
144
stroma
an organ's framework
145
mediastinum
region between the lungs that houses the heart, aorta, lymph nodes, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, nerves, thoracic duct, and thymus
146
pleura
membranous sac that encases lung
147
parietal pleura
outer layer of membrane lining the inner wall of the thoracic cavity
148
visceral pleura
inner layer of the membrane lining the outside of the lung
149
pleural space
potential space between parietal pleura and visceral pleura.
150
pleural fluid
small amount of lubricating fluid between visceral and parietal pleura which prevents friction and provides adhesive force to keep lungs in contact with chest wall as it expands during inspiration.
151
phren/o
diaphragm
152
inspiration
inhalation
153
expiration
exhalation
154
spir/o
breath/breathing
155
apnea
abscence of breathing
156
dyspnea
difficult/labored breathing
157
-pnea
breathing
158
tachypnea
abnormal rapid breathing
159
hyperpnea
abnormal increase in rate and depth of respirations
160
hypopnea
abnormally slow or shallow respirations
161
hyperventilation
abnormally rapid deep breathing resulting in lowered levels of cellular CO2
162
agonal breathing
respirations near death or during extreme suffering
163
capn/o
CO2
164
Hypoxia
inadequate supply of oxygen despite adequate blood supply
165
hypercapnia
excessive amount of
| CO2 in blood
166
respiratory acidosis
Lowered pH of blood due to decreased ventilation and excess CO2
167
respiratory alkalosis
Increased pH due to increased ventilation and lowered CO2 in blood
168
metabolic acidosis/alkalosis
caused by metabolic factors like vomiting or renal disease.
169
tidal volume
amount of air exchanged during normal respiration
170
inspiratory reserve volume/complemental air
amount of air inspired over tidal volume
171
expiratory reserve volume/supplemental air
amount of air expired over tidal volume
172
residual volume
air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration
173
dead space
air in the pathway of the respiratory system
174
minimal volume
amount of air left in alveoli after lung collapses
175
vital capacity
largest amount of air that can be moved in the lung
176
arterial blood gases
lab test in which pressure levels of O2 and CO2 are measured. Abb. ABG
177
adventitious sounds
pathologic respiratory sounds
178
crepitation/rales/crackles
fine or coarse interrupted crackling noises coming from collapsed or fluid-filled alveoli during inspiration
179
consolidation
condition in which lung tissue becomes firm and solid rather than elastic because it has accumulated fluids and tissue debris
180
rhonchi
abnormal, continuous, musical, high-pitched whistling sounds heard during inspiration. aka wheezes
181
stridor
snoring, squeaking, or whistling that suggests airway narrowing
182
vesicular sounds
resulting from air passing through small bronchi or alveoli
183
bronchoalveolar lavage
collection of fluid or mucus from the bronchi via endoscope or endotracheal tube inserted as far down the trachea as possible before infusing fluid and aspirating a sample. may be used for cytologic exam.
184
spirometer
instrument used to measure air taken in and out of the lungs. Measures volume and capacity
185
sputum culture
procedure in which mucus from lower respiratory tract is collected and placed in predetermined media to allow microbes to reproduce
186
tracheal wash
collection of fluid or mucus from trachea via endotracheal tube to assess respiratory disease
187
transtracheal wash
tracheal wash via catheter through skin
188
trephination
insertion of a hole-boring instrument into a sinus to establish fluid drainage or to allow access to roots of teeth.
189
anoxia
absence of oxygen
190
asphyxiation
interruption of breathing resulting in lack of oxygen. aka suffocation
191
atelectasis
incomplete expansion of the alveoli. also may mean collapse of a lung
192
bronchiectasis
dilation of bronchi
193
sequela
condition following as a consequence of a disease
194
chronic obtrusive pulmonary disease
general term for abnormal conditions in equine species in which expiratory flow is slowed. Abb. COPD
195
emphysema
chronic lung disease caused by enlargement of the alveoli or changes in alveolar wall
196
epistaxis
nosebleed
197
equine laryngeal hemiplegia/roaring
disorder of horses characterized by abnormal inspiratory noise during exercise associated with degeneration of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve and atrophy of laryngeal muscles.
198
hemoptysis
spitting of blood from lower respiratory tract
199
laryngoplegia
paralysis of voice box
200
phonation
act of producing sound
201
pleural effusion
abnormal collection of fluid in pleural space
202
pleurisy/pleuritis
inflammation of pleura
203
pneumothorax
abnormal accumulation of air or gas in chest cavity
204
polyp
growth protruding from a mucous membrane (usually benign)
205
pulmonary edema
accumulation of fluid in lung tissue
206
pulmonary fibrosis
abnormal formation of fibers in alveolar walls
207
antitussives
substances used to control/prevent coughing
208
rhinorrhea
nasal discharge
209
snuffles
common term for upper respiratory disease of rabbits
210
paroxysmal
sudden and spasmlike
211
tuss/i
cough
