Week 4 Flashcards
1
Q
alimentary system
A
GI system
2
Q
aliment/o
A
combining form for nourishment
3
Q
stomat/o
A
combining form for mouth
4
Q
gnath/o
A
combining form for jaw
5
Q
prognathia
A
elongated/overshot mandible
6
Q
brachygnathia
A
shortened mandible
7
Q
cheil/o
A
combining form for lips
8
Q
bucc/o
A
combining form for cheek
9
Q
rugae
A
specialized mucous membrane that contains irregular folds. in hard palate and stomach
10
Q
palat/o
A
combining form for palate
11
Q
papillae
A
elevations on the dorsal side of the tongue
12
Q
filiform
A
threadlike
13
Q
fungiform
A
mushroom shaped
14
Q
vallate
A
cup shaped
15
Q
frenulum
A
band of connective tissue un ventral surface of tongue
16
Q
gloss/o
A
combining form for tongue
17
Q
dentition
A
refers to the teeth as a whole
18
Q
deciduous/primary dentition
A
temporary set of teeth in young animals
19
Q
incisor
A
front tooth used for cutting. Abbreviated “I”
20
Q
canine
A
long, pointed bonelike tooth (aka cuspid, fang). Abbreviated “C”
21
Q
premolar
A
cheek tooth found between canine teeth and molars. AKA Bicuspid because they have 2 points. Abbreviated “P”
22
Q
molar
A
most caudally located cheek tooth used for grinding. Abbreviated “M”
23
Q
dental formula
A
shorthand method representing the type of tooth and number of each tooth.
24
Q
cheek teeth
A
molars and premolars
25
needle teeth
deciduous canines and third incisors of pigs
26
wolf teeth
rudimentary premolar 1 in horses
27
milk teeth
first set of teeth
28
tusks
permanent canine teeth of pigs
29
carnassial tooth
large, shearing cheek tooth. Upper P4 and lower M1 in dogs/ Upper P3 and lower M1 in cats.
30
fighting teeth
set of six teeth in llamas that include upper vestigial incisors and upper and lower canines on each side
31
triadan system
numbering system for teeth based on 3 digit numbers: first digit represents quadrant starting with upper right to upper left to lower left to lower right; the second and third digits represent the individual teeth starting at 01 from the rostral midline numbering up from rostral to caudal.
32
selennodont
animls with teeth that have crescents on their grinding surfaces (ie ruminants)
33
lophodont
animals with teeth that have ridged occlusal surfaces (ie equine)
34
bunodont
animlas with teeth that have worn, rounded surfaces (ie swine)
35
hypsodont
animals with continuously erupting teeth (ie cheek teeth of ruminants)
36
pleurodont
animals with teeth attached by one side of the inner jqw surface (ie lizards)
37
brachydont
animals with permanently rooted teeth (ie carnivores)
38
cementum
bonelike connective tissue that covers the root of the tooth
39
dentin
connective tissue surrounding the tooth pulp
40
tooth pulp
contains nerves blood vessels and loose connective tissue
41
apical foramen
hole at the tip of the root where nerves and blood vessels enter the tooth
42
periodontia
structures that support the teeth
43
alveoli
sockets where teeth are situated
44
alveolar bone
surrounds the roots of the teeth
45
periodontal ligament
fibrous structure that holds the tooth in the alveolus. contains collagen fibers anchored to the cementum and the alveolar bone
46
gingiva
mucous membrane that surrounds the teeth and forms the mouth lining
47
gingival sulcus
space that surrounds the tooth, located between the tooth and gingival margin
48
zygomatic salivary glands
found medial to the zygomatic arch
49
parotid salivary glands
found near the ear
50
sialaden/o & sial/o
combining forms for salivary glands
51
endodontics
branch of dentistry that involves treatment of diseases that affect the tooth pulp
52
exodontics
branch of dentistry that involves extraction of teeth and related procedures
53
oral surgery
branch of dentistry that involves surgical correction of the jaw, gums, and inside of mouth
54
orthodontics
branch of dentistry that involves the guidance and correction of malocclusion
55
periodontics
branch of dentistry that studies and treats the diseases of tooth supporting structures
56
pharynx
cavity in the caudal oral cavity that joins the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. AKA throat
57
Ingesta
material taken in orally
58
ptyalism/hypersialosis
hypersalivation
59
deglutition
process of swallowing
60
esophagus
collapsible muscular tube connecting oral cavity to stomach. Located dorsal to the trachea.
61
celi/o
a combining form for abdomen
62
lapar/o
combining form for abdomen and flank
63
lesser omentum
fold of peritoneum that connects stomach to other visceral organs
64
greater omentum
fold of peritoneum that connects the stomach to the dorsal abdominal wall
65
monogastric
animals with one true, or glandular, stomach.
66
glandular stomach
one that produces secretions for digestion
67
ruminant vs. monogastric
ruminant have three forestomachs - rumen, reticulum, and omasum; actually outpouchings of the esophagus.
68
cardia
stomach entrance area located near esophagus
69
fundus
base of an organ - the cranial, rounded part in stomach
70
stomach body
aka corpus. rounded base or bottom - main part of organ
71
antrum
caudal part of stomach, which is the constricted part that joins the pylorus.
72
pylorus
narrow passage between the stomach and duodenum
73
pyloric sphincter
muscle ring that controls flow of material from stomach to the duodenum of small intestine
74
pylor/o
"gatekeeper"
75
rugae
folds present in the mucosa of the stomach; contain glands that produce gastric juices and mucus
76
cud
in ruminants, regurgitated food particles, fiber, rumen fluid and rumen organisms.
77
rumen
largest compartment of the ruminant stomach - serves as a fermentation vat. Divided into ventral and dorsal sac. AKA paunch.
78
reticulum
most cranial compartment of the ruminant stomach - aka honeycomb because it is lined with a mucous membrane that contains numerous intersecting ridges
79
omasum
third compartment of ruminant stomach. Has short, blunt papillae that grind food and squeeze fluid out before it enters the abomasum
80
abomasum
fourth compartment of ruminant stomach - glandular portion that secretes digestive enzymes. AKA true stomach.
81
mucosa
innermost lining of the digestive system
82
submucosa
thick layer surrounding mucosa containing blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves
83
muscularis
muscular layers containing smooth muscle responsible for movements of digestive tract. Arranged in two layers
84
serosa
connective tissue layer covering the digestive tract. Secretes serous fluid for lubrication so abdominal organs move smoothly against each other without friction.
85
mesentary
fold of peritoneum that attaches the small intestine to the dorsal abdominal wall
86
rumination
process of bringing up food material from the stomach to the mouth for further chewing. 4 steps: regurgitation, remastication and resalivation, redeglutition.
87
duodenum
proximal or first portion of the small intestine, nearest the mouth.
88
jejunum
middle portion of the small intestine
89
ileum
distal or last portion of the small intestine. AKA aboral portion.
90
chyle
milky fluid resulting from digestion in the small intestine. Absorbed through the intestinal wall and travels via the thoracic duct and into the veins.
91
cecum
first part of large intestine. Pouch in which food enters from the ileum.
92
colon
middle part of large intestine, divided into transverse and descending portions.
93
haustra
sacculations in cecum and colon of horses and pigs - act as buckets and prolong retention of material so microbes have additional time for digestion.
94
rectum
caudal portion of large intestine
95
anus
caudal opening of intestinal tract controlled by 2 sphincter muscles.
96
proct/o
combining form referring to the anus and rectum collectively
97
pelvic flexure
bend in the colon near the pelvis
98
glycogen
excess glucose removed by the liver and stored
99
sinusoids
channels
100
parenchyma
functional elements of a tissue or organ
101
bile
produced by liver; travels down hepatic duct to cystic duct to alkalinize the small intestine and aid in fat digestion.
102
emulsification
fat digestion
103
bilirubin
a pigment produced from the destruction of hemoglobin released by the liver in bile
104
gallbladder
sac embedded in the liver that stores bile for later use.
105
chol/e
combining form of bile or gall
106
doch/o
receptacle
107
cholecystic
pertaining to the gallbladder
108
choledochus
common bile duct
109
pancreas
elongated gland located near the cranial portion of the duodenum. Has endocrine and exocrine functions.
110
Trypsin
pancreatic enzyme that digest protein
111
lipase
pancreatic enzyme that digests fat
112
amylase
pancreatic enzyme that digests carbohydrates
113
enzymes
substances that chemically change another substance. Typically end in -ase
114
Anabolism
building of body cells and substances
115
catabolism
breaking down of body cells or substances
116
metabolism
the process involved in the body's use of nutrients
117
villi
small hairlike projections in the small intestine where absorption of nutrients occurs
118
crypts
blind sacs or valleys caused by villi
119
prehension
grasping of food - collecting of food in the oral cavity
120
peristalsis
series of wavelike contractions of smooth muscles
121
protease
stomach enzyme
122
chyme
semifluid mass of partly digested food that passes from the stomach
123
segmentation
process of mixing food in small intestine. Delays movement of ingesta
124
ballottement
diagnostic technique of hitting or tapping the wall of a fluid filled structure to bounce a solid structure against a wall. Used for pregnancy diagnosis and determination of abdominal contents
125
barium
contrast material used for radiographic studies
126
preprandial
before a meal
127
postprandial
after a meal
128
endoscope
generic term for tubelike instrument w/ lights and mirrors used to examine the body/organs internally
129
hemoccult
test for hidden blood in stool
130
Occult
hidden
131
achalasia
inability to relax the smooth muscle of gi tract
132
adontia
absence of teeth
133
aerophagia
swallowing of air
134
anal sacculitis
inflammation of anal sacs.
135
inspissation
process of rendering dry or thickened by evaporation. Used to describe anal sac fluid in animals with anal sacculitis.
136
ascariasis
parasitic infestation with roundworms of the genus Ascaris
137
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
138
atresia
occlusion or absence of normal body opening or tubular organ
139
ruminal tympany
gas accumulation in the rumen
140
borborygmus
gas movement in the GI tract that produces rumbling noise
141
bruxism
involuntary grinding of teeth
142
cachexia
general ill health and malnutrition
143
cholecystitis
inflammation of gall bladder
144
cirrhosis
degenerative disease that disturbs the structure and function of the liver.
145
cirrh/p
tawny, orange yellow color
146
colic
severe abdominal pain; common in horses
147
colitis
inflammation of colon
148
coprophagia
ingestion of fecal material
149
corprophagic therapy
feeding a suspension of fecal pellets from a healthy animal to an ill animal. Used in some animal species (ie guinea pigs) to treat GI disease.
150
cribbing
vice of equine in which an object is grasped between the teeth, pressure is applied, and air is inhaled.
151
dental caries
decay and decalcification of teeth, producing a hole in the tooth
152
displaced abomasum
disease of ruminants in which the fourth stomach becomes trapped under the rumen. Abbreviated DA or LDA or RDA
153
diverticulitis
inflammation of a pouch or pouches occurring in the wall of a tubular organ
154
dyschezia
difficulty defacating
155
dysentery
number of disorders marked by inflammation of the intestine abdominal pain and diarrhea
156
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing or eating
157
emesis
forcible expulsion of stomach contents through the mouth. Vomiting
158
Per os
by mouth. Abbreviated PO. Opposite is NPO.
159
enterocolitis
inflammation of the small intestine and large intestine
160
epulis
benign tumor arising from periodontal mucous membranes
161
eructation
belching or raising gas orally from the stomach
162
eviscerate
remove or expose internal organs
163
exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
metabolic disease in which the pancreas does not secrete adequate amounts of digestive enzymes and is associated with weight loss, fatty stools, and borborygmus. Abbreviated EPI
164
fecalith/coprolith
stonelike fecal mass
165
gastric dilation volvulus
condition usually seen in deep-chested canines in which the stomach fills with air, expands, and twists on itself. Abbreviated GDV
166
gingival hyperplasia
overgrowth of gingiva characterized by firm, nonpainful swellings associated with the gingiva
167
glossitis
inflammation of the tongue
168
hematemesis
vomiting blood
169
hematochezia
passage of bloody stool
170
hemoperitoneum
blood in the peritoneum
171
hepatoma
tumor of the liver
172
hiatal hernia
protrusion of part of the stomach through the esophageal opening in the diaphragm
173
hydrops/dropsy
abnormal accumulation of fluid in tissues or a body cavity.
174
ileitis
inflammation of the ileum
175
ileus
stoppage of intestinal peristalsis
176
impaction
obstruction of an area, usually when feed is too dry
177
inflammatory bowel disease
group of chronic GI disorders that are characterized microscopically by the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the lining of the digestive tract. Abbreviated IBD
178
inguinal hernia
protrusion of bowel through the inguinal canal. Seen in groin.
179
intussusception
telescoping of one part of the intestine into an adjacent part.
180
total parenteral nutrition
process in which all of an animal's nutritional requirements are met through a nutrutional liquid administered intravenously. Abbreviated TPN
181
malocclusion
abnormal contact between teeth.
182
melena
black, tarry stools containing digested blood. Suggests a bleeding problem in the upper GI tract.
183
oronasal fistula
abnormal opening between nasal cavity and oral cavity. May be congenital, traumatic, or caused by dental disease
184
palatoshisis
congenital fissure of the roof of the mouth that may involve the upper lip, hard palate, and soft palate. AKA cleft palate.
185
perforating ulcer
erosion through the entire thickness of a surface
186
periapical abscess
inflammation of tissues and collection of puss surrounding the apical portion of a tooth root due to pulpal disease.
187
periodontitis
inflammation of the tissue surrounding and supporting the teeth. AKA periodontal disease.
188
pica
eating and licking abnormal substances or a depraved appetite
189
polydipsia
excessive thirst or drinking. Abbreviated PD
190
polyp
small growth on a mucous membrane
191
polyphagia
excessive eating or swallowing
192
prolapse
protrusion of viscera. ie rectal prolapse is a protrusion of the rectum through the anus
193
quidding
condition in which food is taken into the mouth and chewed but falls from the mouth
194
salivary mucocele
collection of saliva that has leaked from a damaged salivary gland or duct and is surrounded by granulation tissue
195
scours
diarrhea in livestock
196
portosystemic shunt
blood vessels bypass the liver and blood is not detoxified properly
197
stenosis
narrowing of an opening
198
stomatitis
inflammation of the mouth
199
tenesmus
painful, ineffective defecation
200
torsion
axial twist. Twisting around the long axis of the gut.
201
trichobezoar
hairball
202
trich/o
hair
203
volvulus
twisting on itself
204
abdominocentesis
surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen
205
abomasopexy
surgical fixation of the abomasum of ruminants to the abdominal wall
206
anastomosis
surgical connection between two tubular or hollow structures
207
anoplasty
surgical repair of the anus
208
bolus
rounded mass of food or large pharmaceutical preparation or to give something rapidly
209
cholecystectomy
surgical removal of gallbladder
210
colectomy
surgical removal of colon
211
drench
to give medication in liquid form by mouth and forcing the animal to drink
212
emetic
producing vomiting.
213
enterostomy
surgical production of an artificial opening between the small intestine and the abdominal wall
214
esophagoplasty
surgical repair of the esophagus
215
fistula
abnormal passage from an internal organ to the body surface or between two internal organs
216
float
instrument used to file or rasp an equine's premolar or molar teeth.
217
gastropexy
surgical fixation of the stomach to the abdominal wall
218
effluent
discharge
219
stoma
opening created during a gastrostomy
220
gavage
forced feeding or irrigation through a tube passed into the stomach
221
laparotomy
surgical incision into the abdomen
222
nasogastric intubation
placement of a tube through the nose into the stomach. Nasogastric is abbreviated NG
223
orogastric intubation
passage of a tube from the mouth to the stomach
224
palatoplasty
repair of a cleft palate
225
transfaunation
transferring microbes from one animal to another to reinoculate the ill animal with a healthy microbial population. Used to treat cattle, particularly in cases of acidosis.
226
trocarization
insertion of a pointed instrument into a body cavity or an organ. Trocar is usually inside a cannula, so once the trocar penetrates the membrane, it can be withdrawn and the cannula remains. Performed for acute cases of bloat to relieve pressure.
227
ruminal paracentesis
trocarization treatment of ruminal bloat
