Week 3 Flashcards
1
Q
Ossification
A
Formation of bone from fibrous tissue
2
Q
Osteoblasts
A
immature bone cells that produce bony tissue
3
Q
Osteoclasts
A
phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone.
4
Q
Osteocytes
A
Mature bone cells (formerly osteoblasts)
5
Q
Medullary cavity
A
inner space of bone, contains yellow bone marrow
6
Q
Cortical bone/Compact bone
A
hard, dense , strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone.
7
Q
Cancellous bone/Spongy bone
A
Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones.
8
Q
Epiphysis
A
wind end of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone
9
Q
Diaphysis
A
shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone
10
Q
Physis/ Growth plate/ epiphyseal cartilage
A
cartilage segment of long bone that involves grouwth of the bone.
11
Q
Metaphysis
A
wider part of long bone shaft adjacent to the physis. Considered part of the epiphysis in adult animals
12
Q
Periosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue that forms outer covering of bone
13
Q
endosteum
A
tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity
14
Q
Long bones
A
bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity. (i.e., femur)
15
Q
Short bones
A
cube shaped bones with no marrow cavity. (ie carpal bones)
16
Q
Flat bones
A
thin, flat bones (ie pelvis)
17
Q
Pneumatic bones
A
sinus-containing bones (ie frontal bone)
18
Q
Irregular bones
A
unpaired bones (ie vertebrae)
19
Q
Sesamoid bones
A
small bones embedded in tendon (ie patella)
20
Q
Articular cartilage
A
covers joint surfaces of bone
21
Q
Meniscus
A
curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints
22
Q
Joints/Articulations
A
connections between bones
23
Q
Synarthrosis
A
type of joint that allows no movement
24
Q
Amphiarthrosis
A
type of joint that allows slight movement
25
Diarthrosis
type of joint that allows free movement
26
Suture
Type of synarthrosis. A jagged line where bones join and form a non-movable joint. (ie skull)
27
Fontanelle
soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth (ie on cranium)
28
Symphysis/Cartilaginous joint
Type of Amphiarthrosis. A joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone. (ie mandibular symphysis - lower jaw bone halves, and pubic symphysis - pubic bone halves.)
29
Synovial joints
type of diarthrosis, further separated into ball&socket, arthrodial/condyloid, trochoid/pivot, ginglymus/hinge, and gliding joints.
30
Arthroidial/Condyloid joints
joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, such as carpal joints.
31
Trochoid/pivot joints
Pulley shaped joints (ie neck)
32
Ginglymus/Hinge joints
allow motion in one plane or direction ( ie elbow)
33
Gliding joints
joints that move or glide over each other (ie vertebrae)
34
Saddle joint
Thumb joint
35
cartilage
connective tissue that is more elastic than bone
36
ligament
band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to help stabilize joints
37
tendon
band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to aid in movement.
38
bursa
fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction
39
synovial membrane
inner lining in bursae and synovial joints. Secretes synovial fluid
40
synovial fluid
acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth
41
axial skeleton
framework of the body that includes skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum
42
appendicular skeleton
framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. (append means to hang - appendicular hangs from axial)
43
cranium
portion of the skull that encloses the brain. broken into multiple parts
44
frontal
part of cranium that forms roof of cranial cavity or front of skull
45
parietal
paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity
46
occipital
forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum (opening for the spinal cord) is located
47
foramen
opening in bone through which tissue passes
48
temporal
paired bones that form the sides and base of cranium
49
sphenoid
paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket
50
ethmoid
forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity
51
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
52
pterygoid
forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx
53
zygomatic
forms the orbit and cheekbone. zygomatic arch = cheekbone
54
maxilla
forms the upper jaw
55
mandible
forms the lower jaw
56
palatine
forms part of the hard palate
57
lacrimal
forms the medial part of the orbit
58
incisive
forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares
59
nasal
forms the bridge of the nose
60
vomer
forms the base of the nasal septum
61
nasal septum
cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities
62
hyoid
bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx
63
vertebral body
solid portion of vertebra ventral to the spinal cord
64
arch
dorsal part of vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord
65
lamina
left or right dorsal half of the arch on a vertebra
66
spinuous process
single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch
67
transverse processes
lateral projections from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch
68
intervertebral discs
cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebrae
69
articular process
paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch
70
Vertebral regions
cranial to caudal: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal/caudal
71
costals
ribs
72
manubrium
cranial portion of the sternum
73
body of sternum
middle portion
74
xiphoid process
caudal portion of sternum
75
scapula
shoulder blade
76
clavicle
collar bone
77
humerus/brachium
long bone of proximal front limb
78
radius
cranial bone of front limb
79
ulna
caudal bone of the front limb
80
antebrachium
region of forearm/distal front limb
81
olecranon
proximal projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow
82
carpal bones
irregularly shaped bones in wrist area
83
carpus
carpal area in small animals
84
knee
carpal area in large animals
85
metacarpals
bones found distal to carpus
86
splint bones
In horses: metacarpals/metatarsals II and IV that do not articulate with the phalanges.
87
Cannon bone(s)
metacarpal/metatarsal III in horses. metacarpal/metatarsal III and IV in ruminants
88
Phalanx
one bone of the digit
89
Phalanges
bones of the digit. Numbered from proximal to distal.
90
Dewclaw
digit 1 of dogs. Vestigial digits II and V of cloven hoofed animals.
91
ungulates
animals with hooves
92
onychectomy
medical term for declaw surgery
93
navicular bone
In horses, common name for sesamoid bone located inside hoof on palmar/plantar surface of P3 (most distal phalanx)
94
ilium
largest, blade shaped pair of bones on pelvis. cranial portion of pelvis
95
sacroiliac joint
area of pelvis where ilium articulates with the sacrum
96
ischium
caudal pair of pelvic bones
97
pubis
ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by the cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis.
98
acetabulum
large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet.
99
femur
thigh bone. Head of femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum
100
trochanters
large, flat, broad projections on a bone. (ie lateral to the femoral head)
101
condyles
rounded projection on a bone. (ie distal end of femur above hock)
102
patella
large sesamoid bone in rear limb. kneecap in people.
103
Stifle joint
houses the patella
104
popliteal
sesamoid bone located on the caudal surface of the stifle
105
tibia
larger, more weight bearing distal bone of the rear limb.
106
fibula
smaller, long slender distal bone of the rear limb
107
crus
area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock
108
tarsus
In SMALL animals, joint known as the ankle in people
109
hock
in Large animals, joint known as the ankle in people
110
talus
shorter, medial tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones
111
calcaneus
long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones.
112
aperture
opening
113
canal
tunnel
114
condyle
rounded projection that articulates with another bone
115
crest
high projection or border projection
116
crista
ridge
117
dens
toothlike structure
118
eminence
surface projection
119
facet
smooth area
120
fissure
deep cleft
121
fossa
trench or hollow depressed area
122
fovea
small pit
123
head
major protrusion
124
lamina
thin, flat plate
125
line
low projection or ridge
126
malleolus
rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)
127
meatus
passage or opening
128
process
projection
129
protuberance
projecting part
130
ramus
branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure
131
sinus
space or cavity
132
spine
sharp projection
133
sulcus
groove
134
trochlea
pulley shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate
135
tubercle
small, rounded surface projection
136
tuberosity
projecting part
137
arthrocentesis
surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis
138
arthrography
injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination
139
arthroscopy
visual exam of the joint using fiberoptic scope
140
densitometer
device that measures bone density using light and xrays
141
goniometer
instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint
142
radiology
study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation. Used to detect fractures and diseases of bones
143
ankylosis
loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery
144
arthralgia
joint pain
145
ankyl/o
bent or stiff
146
arthrodynia
joint pain
147
arthropathy
joint disease
148
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa
149
chondromalacia
abnormal cartilage softening
150
chondropathy
cartilage disease
151
discospondylitis
inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae
152
epiphysitis
inflammation of the growth plate
153
exostosis
benign growth on bone surface
154
gouty arthritis/gout
joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint
155
hip dysplasia
abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly.
156
intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)/herniated disc/ruptured disc
rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc between vertebrae. Results in pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots.
157
kyphosis
dorsal curvature of the spine. AKA hunchback
158
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease
idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs.
159
Lordosis
position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally. Seen in cats in heat. AKA swayback
160
luxation
dislocation or displacement of bone from joint
161
myeloma
tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow
162
ostealgia
bone pain
163
osteitis
inflammation of bone
164
osteoarthritis/Degenerative joint disease (DJD)
degenerative joint disease commonly associated w/ aging or wear and tear on joints.
165
osteochondrosis
degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification
166
osteochondrosis dissecans
osteochondrosis with dissecting flap of articular cartilage (joint mice/osteophytes) and some inflammatory joint changes
167
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bone
168
osteomyelitis
inflammation of bone or bone marrow
169
osteoporosis
abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase of bone porosity
170
osteosclerosis
abnormal hardening of bone
171
periostitis
inflammation of fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
172
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints
173
sequestrum
piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from adjacent healthy bone
174
spondylitis
inflammation of verebrae
175
spondylosis deformans
chronic degeneration of the articular processes and development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae
176
spur
bony projection growing out of a bone
177
subluxation
partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from it's joint
178
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints
179
avulsion fracture
broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull
180
callus
bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone
181
closed fracture/simple fracture
broken bone in which there is no open wound
182
comminuted fracture
broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces
183
compression fracture
broken bone produced when bones are pressed together
184
crepitation/crepitus
cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together
185
displaced fracture
bone fracture parts are out of line
186
greenstick fracture
bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent. AKA incomplete fracture.
187
oblique fracture
broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis
188
open fracture/compound fracture
broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin
189
pathologic fracture
broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease
190
physeal fracture
bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate. further categorized as "Salter-Harris I-V fractures"
191
spiral fracture
broking bone in which the bone is twisted or spiraled apart
192
varus
bone bends in
193
valgus
bone bends out
194
transverse fracture
broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone
195
arthrodesis
fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means
196
-desis
to bind
197
chemonucleolysis
process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance
198
external fixation
alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixators (rods/pins)
199
internal fixation
alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or plates
200
laminectomy
surgical removal of the dorsal arch of vertebra
201
ostectomy
surgical removal of bone
202
osteodesis
fusion of bones
203
osteopexy
surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall
204
osteoplasty
surgical repair of bone
205
osteostomy
surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone
206
osteotomy
surgical incision or sectioning of bone
207
trephination
process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine (circular sawlike instrument)
208
fascia
sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
209
linea alba
fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles.
210
aponeurosis
fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle
211
skeletal muscle
striated voluntary muscle that attaches bones to the body and make motion possible. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to created a striated look.
212
rhabdomy/o
combining form for striated muscle
213
smooth muscle
nonstriated involuntary visceral muscle that produces slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs. Spindle shaped without striations.
214
cardiac muscle
striated involuntary muscle for contraction of heart. Elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands.
215
leiomy/o
combining form for smooth muscle
216
kinesi/o
combining form of movement
217
antagonistic muscles
work against or opposite each
218
synergistic/agonistic muscles
work together to help movement
219
neuromuscular junction
point at which nerve endings come into contact with muscle cells
220
muscle origin
place where a muscle begins, and is the more fixed attachment or the end of muscle closest to the midline
221
muscle insertion
place where the muscle ends, and is the more movable end or portion of the muscle farthest from the midline
222
abductor
muscle that moves a part away from the midline
223
extensor
muscle that straightens a limb or increases a joint angle
224
flexor
muscle that bends a limb or decreases a joint angle
225
levator
muscle that raises or elevates a part
226
depressor
muscle that lowers or depresses a part
227
supinator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward
228
pronator
muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward
229
epaxial muscles
located above the pelvic axis
230
intercostal muscles
between the ribs
231
infraspinatus muscles
beneath the spine of the scapula
232
supraspinatus muscles
located above the spine of the scapula
233
inferior muscles
deep muscles
234
orbicularis muscles
surrounding another structure
235
rectus
straight muscles- aligning with the vertical axis of the body
236
oblique
muscles slanted outward away from the midline
237
sphincter
tight band muscles
238
deltoid
muscles are triangular. like greek letter delta
239
quadratus
muscles are square or four sided
240
rhomboideus
muscles are diamond shaped
241
scalenus
muscles are unequally three sided
242
serratus
muscles are saw toothed
243
teres
muscles are cylindrical
244
sartorius muscle
thigh muscle that adducts the leg of a human to position a tailor assumes when sitting. (sartorius means tailor)
245
electromyography (EMG)
process of recording the electrical activity of the muscle
246
electromyogram
record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation
247
adhesion
band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion
248
ataxia
lack of voluntary control
249
atonic
lacking muscle tone
250
atrophy
decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell
251
dystrophy
defective growth
252
fasciitis
inflamation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles
253
fibroma/fibroid
tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue
254
laxity
looseness
255
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle
256
leiomyositis
inflammation of smooth muscle
257
myasthenia
muscle weakness
258
myoclonus
spasm of muscle
259
myoma
benign tumor of muslce
260
myopathy
abnormal condition or disease of muscle
261
myositis
inflammation of voluntary muscles
262
myotonia
delayed relaxation of muscle after contraction
263
rhabdomyoma
benign tumor of striated muscle
264
tendinitis
inflammation of tendon
265
tetany
muscle spasms or twitching
266
myectomy
surgical removal of muscle of part of muscle
267
myoplasty
surgical repair of muscle
268
myotomy
surgical incision into muscle
269
tenectomy
surgical removal of a part of tendon
270
tenotomy
surgical division of tendon
