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Vett 118 > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Ossification

A

Formation of bone from fibrous tissue

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2
Q

Osteoblasts

A

immature bone cells that produce bony tissue

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3
Q

Osteoclasts

A

phagocytic cells that eat away bony tissue from the medullary cavity of long bone.

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4
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells (formerly osteoblasts)

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5
Q

Medullary cavity

A

inner space of bone, contains yellow bone marrow

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6
Q

Cortical bone/Compact bone

A

hard, dense , strong bone that forms the outer layer of bone.

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7
Q

Cancellous bone/Spongy bone

A

Lighter, less strong bone that is found in the ends and inner portions of long bones.

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8
Q

Epiphysis

A

wind end of a long bone, covered with articular cartilage and composed of cancellous bone

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9
Q

Diaphysis

A

shaft of a long bone that is composed mainly of compact bone

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10
Q

Physis/ Growth plate/ epiphyseal cartilage

A

cartilage segment of long bone that involves grouwth of the bone.

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11
Q

Metaphysis

A

wider part of long bone shaft adjacent to the physis. Considered part of the epiphysis in adult animals

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12
Q

Periosteum

A

tough, fibrous tissue that forms outer covering of bone

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13
Q

endosteum

A

tough, fibrous tissue that forms the lining of the medullary cavity

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14
Q

Long bones

A

bones consisting of a shaft, two ends, and a marrow cavity. (i.e., femur)

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15
Q

Short bones

A

cube shaped bones with no marrow cavity. (ie carpal bones)

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16
Q

Flat bones

A

thin, flat bones (ie pelvis)

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17
Q

Pneumatic bones

A

sinus-containing bones (ie frontal bone)

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18
Q

Irregular bones

A

unpaired bones (ie vertebrae)

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19
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

small bones embedded in tendon (ie patella)

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20
Q

Articular cartilage

A

covers joint surfaces of bone

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21
Q

Meniscus

A

curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints

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22
Q

Joints/Articulations

A

connections between bones

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23
Q

Synarthrosis

A

type of joint that allows no movement

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24
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

type of joint that allows slight movement

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25
Q

Diarthrosis

A

type of joint that allows free movement

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26
Q

Suture

A

Type of synarthrosis. A jagged line where bones join and form a non-movable joint. (ie skull)

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27
Q

Fontanelle

A

soft spot remaining at the junction of sutures that usually closes after birth (ie on cranium)

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28
Q

Symphysis/Cartilaginous joint

A

Type of Amphiarthrosis. A joint where two bones join and are held firmly together so they function as one bone. (ie mandibular symphysis - lower jaw bone halves, and pubic symphysis - pubic bone halves.)

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29
Q

Synovial joints

A

type of diarthrosis, further separated into ball&socket, arthrodial/condyloid, trochoid/pivot, ginglymus/hinge, and gliding joints.

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30
Q

Arthroidial/Condyloid joints

A

joints with oval projections that fit into a socket, such as carpal joints.

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31
Q

Trochoid/pivot joints

A

Pulley shaped joints (ie neck)

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32
Q

Ginglymus/Hinge joints

A

allow motion in one plane or direction ( ie elbow)

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33
Q

Gliding joints

A

joints that move or glide over each other (ie vertebrae)

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34
Q

Saddle joint

A

Thumb joint

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35
Q

cartilage

A

connective tissue that is more elastic than bone

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36
Q

ligament

A

band of fibrous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to help stabilize joints

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37
Q

tendon

A

band of fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone to aid in movement.

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38
Q

bursa

A

fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas of friction

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39
Q

synovial membrane

A

inner lining in bursae and synovial joints. Secretes synovial fluid

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40
Q

synovial fluid

A

acts as a lubricant to make joint movement smooth

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41
Q

axial skeleton

A

framework of the body that includes skull, auditory ossicles, hyoid bones, vertebral column, ribs and sternum

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42
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

framework of the body that consists of the extremities, shoulder, and pelvic girdle. (append means to hang - appendicular hangs from axial)

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43
Q

cranium

A

portion of the skull that encloses the brain. broken into multiple parts

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44
Q

frontal

A

part of cranium that forms roof of cranial cavity or front of skull

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45
Q

parietal

A

paired bones that form the roof of the caudal cranial cavity

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46
Q

occipital

A

forms the caudal aspect of the cranial cavity where the foramen magnum (opening for the spinal cord) is located

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47
Q

foramen

A

opening in bone through which tissue passes

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48
Q

temporal

A

paired bones that form the sides and base of cranium

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49
Q

sphenoid

A

paired bones that form part of the base of the skull and parts of the floor and sides of the bony eye socket

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50
Q

ethmoid

A

forms the rostral part of the cranial cavity

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51
Q

incisive

A

forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares

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52
Q

pterygoid

A

forms the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

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53
Q

zygomatic

A

forms the orbit and cheekbone. zygomatic arch = cheekbone

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54
Q

maxilla

A

forms the upper jaw

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55
Q

mandible

A

forms the lower jaw

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56
Q

palatine

A

forms part of the hard palate

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57
Q

lacrimal

A

forms the medial part of the orbit

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58
Q

incisive

A

forms the rostral part of the hard palate and lower edge of nares

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59
Q

nasal

A

forms the bridge of the nose

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60
Q

vomer

A

forms the base of the nasal septum

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61
Q

nasal septum

A

cartilaginous structure that divides the two nasal cavities

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62
Q

hyoid

A

bone suspended between the mandible and laryngopharynx

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63
Q

vertebral body

A

solid portion of vertebra ventral to the spinal cord

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64
Q

arch

A

dorsal part of vertebra that surrounds the spinal cord

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65
Q

lamina

A

left or right dorsal half of the arch on a vertebra

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66
Q

spinuous process

A

single projection from the dorsal part of the vertebral arch

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67
Q

transverse processes

A

lateral projections from the right and left sides of the vertebral arch

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68
Q

intervertebral discs

A

cartilage discs that separate and cushion the vertebrae

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69
Q

articular process

A

paired cranial and caudal projections located on the dorsum of the vertebral arch

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70
Q

Vertebral regions

A

cranial to caudal: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal/caudal

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71
Q

costals

A

ribs

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72
Q

manubrium

A

cranial portion of the sternum

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73
Q

body of sternum

A

middle portion

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74
Q

xiphoid process

A

caudal portion of sternum

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75
Q

scapula

A

shoulder blade

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76
Q

clavicle

A

collar bone

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77
Q

humerus/brachium

A

long bone of proximal front limb

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78
Q

radius

A

cranial bone of front limb

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79
Q

ulna

A

caudal bone of the front limb

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80
Q

antebrachium

A

region of forearm/distal front limb

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81
Q

olecranon

A

proximal projection of the ulna that forms the point of the elbow

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82
Q

carpal bones

A

irregularly shaped bones in wrist area

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83
Q

carpus

A

carpal area in small animals

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84
Q

knee

A

carpal area in large animals

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85
Q

metacarpals

A

bones found distal to carpus

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86
Q

splint bones

A

In horses: metacarpals/metatarsals II and IV that do not articulate with the phalanges.

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87
Q

Cannon bone(s)

A

metacarpal/metatarsal III in horses. metacarpal/metatarsal III and IV in ruminants

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88
Q

Phalanx

A

one bone of the digit

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89
Q

Phalanges

A

bones of the digit. Numbered from proximal to distal.

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90
Q

Dewclaw

A

digit 1 of dogs. Vestigial digits II and V of cloven hoofed animals.

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91
Q

ungulates

A

animals with hooves

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92
Q

onychectomy

A

medical term for declaw surgery

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93
Q

navicular bone

A

In horses, common name for sesamoid bone located inside hoof on palmar/plantar surface of P3 (most distal phalanx)

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94
Q

ilium

A

largest, blade shaped pair of bones on pelvis. cranial portion of pelvis

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95
Q

sacroiliac joint

A

area of pelvis where ilium articulates with the sacrum

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96
Q

ischium

A

caudal pair of pelvic bones

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97
Q

pubis

A

ventral pair of bones that are fused on midline by the cartilaginous joint called the pubic symphysis.

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98
Q

acetabulum

A

large socket of the pelvic bone that forms where the three bones meet.

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99
Q

femur

A

thigh bone. Head of femur articulates proximally with the acetabulum

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100
Q

trochanters

A

large, flat, broad projections on a bone. (ie lateral to the femoral head)

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101
Q

condyles

A

rounded projection on a bone. (ie distal end of femur above hock)

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102
Q

patella

A

large sesamoid bone in rear limb. kneecap in people.

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103
Q

Stifle joint

A

houses the patella

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104
Q

popliteal

A

sesamoid bone located on the caudal surface of the stifle

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105
Q

tibia

A

larger, more weight bearing distal bone of the rear limb.

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106
Q

fibula

A

smaller, long slender distal bone of the rear limb

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107
Q

crus

A

area of the rear limb between the stifle and hock

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108
Q

tarsus

A

In SMALL animals, joint known as the ankle in people

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109
Q

hock

A

in Large animals, joint known as the ankle in people

110
Q

talus

A

shorter, medial tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones

111
Q

calcaneus

A

long, lateral tarsal bone located in the proximal row of tarsal bones.

112
Q

aperture

A

opening

113
Q

canal

A

tunnel

114
Q

condyle

A

rounded projection that articulates with another bone

115
Q

crest

A

high projection or border projection

116
Q

crista

A

ridge

117
Q

dens

A

toothlike structure

118
Q

eminence

A

surface projection

119
Q

facet

A

smooth area

120
Q

fissure

A

deep cleft

121
Q

fossa

A

trench or hollow depressed area

122
Q

fovea

A

small pit

123
Q

head

A

major protrusion

124
Q

lamina

A

thin, flat plate

125
Q

line

A

low projection or ridge

126
Q

malleolus

A

rounded projection (distal end of tibia and fibula)

127
Q

meatus

A

passage or opening

128
Q

process

A

projection

129
Q

protuberance

A

projecting part

130
Q

ramus

A

branch or smaller structure given off by a larger structure

131
Q

sinus

A

space or cavity

132
Q

spine

A

sharp projection

133
Q

sulcus

A

groove

134
Q

trochlea

A

pulley shaped structure in which other structures pass or articulate

135
Q

tubercle

A

small, rounded surface projection

136
Q

tuberosity

A

projecting part

137
Q

arthrocentesis

A

surgical puncture of a joint to remove fluid for analysis

138
Q

arthrography

A

injection of a joint with contrast material for radiographic examination

139
Q

arthroscopy

A

visual exam of the joint using fiberoptic scope

140
Q

densitometer

A

device that measures bone density using light and xrays

141
Q

goniometer

A

instrument that measures angles or range of motion in a joint

142
Q

radiology

A

study of internal body structures after exposure to ionizing radiation. Used to detect fractures and diseases of bones

143
Q

ankylosis

A

loss of joint mobility caused by disease, injury, or surgery

144
Q

arthralgia

A

joint pain

145
Q

ankyl/o

A

bent or stiff

146
Q

arthrodynia

A

joint pain

147
Q

arthropathy

A

joint disease

148
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of the bursa

149
Q

chondromalacia

A

abnormal cartilage softening

150
Q

chondropathy

A

cartilage disease

151
Q

discospondylitis

A

inflammation of the intervertebral disc and vertebrae

152
Q

epiphysitis

A

inflammation of the growth plate

153
Q

exostosis

A

benign growth on bone surface

154
Q

gouty arthritis/gout

A

joint inflammation associated with the formation of uric acid crystals in the joint

155
Q

hip dysplasia

A

abnormal development of the pelvic joint causing the head of the femur and the acetabulum not to be aligned properly.

156
Q

intervertebral disc disease (IVDD)/herniated disc/ruptured disc

A

rupture or protrusion of the cushioning disc between vertebrae. Results in pressure on the spinal cord or spinal nerve roots.

157
Q

kyphosis

A

dorsal curvature of the spine. AKA hunchback

158
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease

A

idiopathic necrosis of the femoral head and neck of small breed dogs.

159
Q

Lordosis

A

position in which the vertebral column is abnormally curved ventrally. Seen in cats in heat. AKA swayback

160
Q

luxation

A

dislocation or displacement of bone from joint

161
Q

myeloma

A

tumor composed of cells derived from hematopoietic tissues of bone marrow

162
Q

ostealgia

A

bone pain

163
Q

osteitis

A

inflammation of bone

164
Q

osteoarthritis/Degenerative joint disease (DJD)

A

degenerative joint disease commonly associated w/ aging or wear and tear on joints.

165
Q

osteochondrosis

A

degeneration or necrosis of bone and cartilage followed by regeneration or recalcification

166
Q

osteochondrosis dissecans

A

osteochondrosis with dissecting flap of articular cartilage (joint mice/osteophytes) and some inflammatory joint changes

167
Q

osteomalacia

A

abnormal softening of bone

168
Q

osteomyelitis

A

inflammation of bone or bone marrow

169
Q

osteoporosis

A

abnormal condition of marked loss of bone density and an increase of bone porosity

170
Q

osteosclerosis

A

abnormal hardening of bone

171
Q

periostitis

A

inflammation of fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone

172
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disorder of the connective tissues and joints

173
Q

sequestrum

A

piece of dead bone that is partially or fully detached from adjacent healthy bone

174
Q

spondylitis

A

inflammation of verebrae

175
Q

spondylosis deformans

A

chronic degeneration of the articular processes and development of bony outgrowths around the ventral edge of the vertebrae

176
Q

spur

A

bony projection growing out of a bone

177
Q

subluxation

A

partial dislocation or displacement of a bone from it’s joint

178
Q

synovitis

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane of joints

179
Q

avulsion fracture

A

broken bone in which the site of muscle, tendon, or ligament insertion is detached by a forceful pull

180
Q

callus

A

bulging deposit around the area of a bone fracture that may eventually become bone

181
Q

closed fracture/simple fracture

A

broken bone in which there is no open wound

182
Q

comminuted fracture

A

broken bone that is splintered or crushed into multiple pieces

183
Q

compression fracture

A

broken bone produced when bones are pressed together

184
Q

crepitation/crepitus

A

cracking sensation that is felt and heard when broken bones move together

185
Q

displaced fracture

A

bone fracture parts are out of line

186
Q

greenstick fracture

A

bone that is broken only on one side and the other side is bent. AKA incomplete fracture.

187
Q

oblique fracture

A

broken bone that has an angular break diagonal to the long axis

188
Q

open fracture/compound fracture

A

broken bone in which there is an open wound in the skin

189
Q

pathologic fracture

A

broken bone in an area of bone weakened by disease

190
Q

physeal fracture

A

bone that is broken at the epiphyseal line or growth plate. further categorized as “Salter-Harris I-V fractures”

191
Q

spiral fracture

A

broking bone in which the bone is twisted or spiraled apart

192
Q

varus

A

bone bends in

193
Q

valgus

A

bone bends out

194
Q

transverse fracture

A

broken bone that is broken at right angles to its axis or straight across the bone

195
Q

arthrodesis

A

fusion of a joint or the spinal vertebrae by surgical means

196
Q

-desis

A

to bind

197
Q

chemonucleolysis

A

process of dissolving part of the center of an intervertebral disc by injecting a foreign substance

198
Q

external fixation

A

alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone near the fracture through the use of casts, splints, or external fixators (rods/pins)

199
Q

internal fixation

A

alignment of bone maintained by immobilizing the bone directly at the fracture site through the use of wires, screws, pins, or plates

200
Q

laminectomy

A

surgical removal of the dorsal arch of vertebra

201
Q

ostectomy

A

surgical removal of bone

202
Q

osteodesis

A

fusion of bones

203
Q

osteopexy

A

surgical fixation of a bone to the body wall

204
Q

osteoplasty

A

surgical repair of bone

205
Q

osteostomy

A

surgical creation of a permanent new opening in bone

206
Q

osteotomy

A

surgical incision or sectioning of bone

207
Q

trephination

A

process of cutting a hole into a bone using a trephine (circular sawlike instrument)

208
Q

fascia

A

sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles

209
Q

linea alba

A

fibrous band of connective tissue on the ventral abdominal wall that is the median attachment of the abdominal muscles.

210
Q

aponeurosis

A

fibrous sheet that provides attachment to muscular fibers and is a means of origin or insertion of a flat muscle

211
Q

skeletal muscle

A

striated voluntary muscle that attaches bones to the body and make motion possible. Long, cylindrical, multinucleated cells with dark and light bands to created a striated look.

212
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

combining form for striated muscle

213
Q

smooth muscle

A

nonstriated involuntary visceral muscle that produces slow contractions to allow unconscious functioning of internal organs. Spindle shaped without striations.

214
Q

cardiac muscle

A

striated involuntary muscle for contraction of heart. Elongated, branched cells that lie parallel to each other and have dark and light bands.

215
Q

leiomy/o

A

combining form for smooth muscle

216
Q

kinesi/o

A

combining form of movement

217
Q

antagonistic muscles

A

work against or opposite each

218
Q

synergistic/agonistic muscles

A

work together to help movement

219
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

point at which nerve endings come into contact with muscle cells

220
Q

muscle origin

A

place where a muscle begins, and is the more fixed attachment or the end of muscle closest to the midline

221
Q

muscle insertion

A

place where the muscle ends, and is the more movable end or portion of the muscle farthest from the midline

222
Q

abductor

A

muscle that moves a part away from the midline

223
Q

extensor

A

muscle that straightens a limb or increases a joint angle

224
Q

flexor

A

muscle that bends a limb or decreases a joint angle

225
Q

levator

A

muscle that raises or elevates a part

226
Q

depressor

A

muscle that lowers or depresses a part

227
Q

supinator

A

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface upward

228
Q

pronator

A

muscle that rotates the palmar or plantar surface downward

229
Q

epaxial muscles

A

located above the pelvic axis

230
Q

intercostal muscles

A

between the ribs

231
Q

infraspinatus muscles

A

beneath the spine of the scapula

232
Q

supraspinatus muscles

A

located above the spine of the scapula

233
Q

inferior muscles

A

deep muscles

234
Q

orbicularis muscles

A

surrounding another structure

235
Q

rectus

A

straight muscles- aligning with the vertical axis of the body

236
Q

oblique

A

muscles slanted outward away from the midline

237
Q

sphincter

A

tight band muscles

238
Q

deltoid

A

muscles are triangular. like greek letter delta

239
Q

quadratus

A

muscles are square or four sided

240
Q

rhomboideus

A

muscles are diamond shaped

241
Q

scalenus

A

muscles are unequally three sided

242
Q

serratus

A

muscles are saw toothed

243
Q

teres

A

muscles are cylindrical

244
Q

sartorius muscle

A

thigh muscle that adducts the leg of a human to position a tailor assumes when sitting. (sartorius means tailor)

245
Q

electromyography (EMG)

A

process of recording the electrical activity of the muscle

246
Q

electromyogram

A

record of the strength of muscle contraction caused by electrical stimulation

247
Q

adhesion

A

band of fibers that hold structures together in an abnormal fashion

248
Q

ataxia

A

lack of voluntary control

249
Q

atonic

A

lacking muscle tone

250
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in size or complete wasting of an organ, tissue, or cell

251
Q

dystrophy

A

defective growth

252
Q

fasciitis

A

inflamation of the sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles

253
Q

fibroma/fibroid

A

tumor composed of fully developed connective tissue

254
Q

laxity

A

looseness

255
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

256
Q

leiomyositis

A

inflammation of smooth muscle

257
Q

myasthenia

A

muscle weakness

258
Q

myoclonus

A

spasm of muscle

259
Q

myoma

A

benign tumor of muslce

260
Q

myopathy

A

abnormal condition or disease of muscle

261
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of voluntary muscles

262
Q

myotonia

A

delayed relaxation of muscle after contraction

263
Q

rhabdomyoma

A

benign tumor of striated muscle

264
Q

tendinitis

A

inflammation of tendon

265
Q

tetany

A

muscle spasms or twitching

266
Q

myectomy

A

surgical removal of muscle of part of muscle

267
Q

myoplasty

A

surgical repair of muscle

268
Q

myotomy

A

surgical incision into muscle

269
Q

tenectomy

A

surgical removal of a part of tendon

270
Q

tenotomy

A

surgical division of tendon

Vett 118 (10 decks)

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