Week 6 Flashcards by Matthew Russell

What are the three regions of the foot

rear, midfoot and forefoot

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the midfoot comprise of

navicular, cuneiforms and cuboid bones and joints

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the forefoot comprise of

metatarsals and phalanges

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

list ligaments of the foot (3)

Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament (short plantar ligament)
Long Plantar Ligament
Plantarcalcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

4 functions of the ligaments of the foot

-Plantar reinforcement
-Structural stability to lateral column
PCNL-Structural floor & Wall medially
- Provides support

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does altered sensation of the foot impact on? (4)

Foot health
lower extremity injuries
LBP
Balance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layer 1 intrinsic muscles of the foot includes and what function they do(3)

Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor hallucis
Abductor digiti minimi
*abducts & flexes their respective digits

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layer 2 intrinsic muscles of the foot includes and what function they do(2)

Quadratus Plantae
- stabilises FDL tendon
Lumbricals
- Action similar to hand

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layer 3 intrinsic muscles of the foot includes and what function they do(3)

Adductor hallucis
- adduct &amp; flex great toe
Flexor hallucis brevis
Flexor digiti minimi
-Both fex MTPs of respective toes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Layer 4 intrinsic muscles of the foot includes and what function they do(2)

Plantar interossei (3)
Dorsal interossei (4)
-Strutural stability to fot vs dexterity in hand

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name nerves of the foot (6)

Dorsal surface

Deep peroneal nerve
sural nerve
intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve
Medial dorsa cutaneous nerve

Sole/Plantar surface

Lateral plantar nerve
Medial plantar nerve

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 3 arches of the foot

Medial longitudinal arch
Lateral longitudinal arch
Transverse arch

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Origin and insertion of the Plantar fascia

O- medial calcaneal tubercle

I- metatarsal heads

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of the plantar fascia

provide stability to the arch of foot and aid in resupination of the foot during propulsion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

common causes of rearfoot pain

plantar fasciitis

foot pad contusion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Less common causes of rearfoot pain (6)

Calcaneal fractures (traumatic, stress fractures)
Medial calcaneal nerve entrapment
lateral plantar nerve entrapment
Tarsal tunnel syndrome
Talar stress fractures
retrocalcaneal bursitis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What causes of pain shouldn’t be missed (3)

Spondyloarthropathies
Osteoid osteoma
CRPS Type 1
-post knee or ankle injury

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common causes of midfoot pain (5)

Navicular stress #
Midtarsal joint sprain
Extensor tendinopathy 
Tib post tendinopathy
plantar fascia strain

Less common causes of midfoot pain (9)

Cuneiform stress #
cuboid stress fracture#
Base 2nd MT stress #
Peroneal tendinopathy
ABD hallucis strain
Cuboid syndrome
Tarsal syndrome
Tarsal coalition
-Young adolescent 
Kohler's 
 - young children
Accessory navicular bone

Don’t miss causes of midfoot pain (3)

Lisfranc joint injury
- TMT joints
-dislocation or #
Osteoid osteoma
CRPS type 1
- post knee or ankle injury

Common causes of forefoot pain (12)

1st MTP joint sprain
Hallux Limitus
Moreton's neuroma
Synovitis of MTP joints
MT stress # 
Jone's # (5th MT diaphysis)
Hallux valgus
Sesamoid pathology
subungual haematoma 
Corns, calluses
Onychocryptosis

Less common forefoot pain causes (8)

Freiberg's osteochondritis
Joplin's neuritis
Sesamoid stress #
Base MT 2 stress #
Synovitis of MT-Cuneiform joint
Toe Clawing
sublungual extosis
plantar warts

Don’t miss causes forefoot pain(1)

CRPS type 1

post knee ankle injury

Most common disorders of the foot (6)

Plantar fasciitis
Navicular stress fracture 
Hallux rigidus/ limitus
Moreton's neuroma (metatarsalgia)
Hallux valgus
Tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction
- PTTD

Causes of plantar fasciitis(4)

Pes planus increases risk Excessive pronation or lack of resupination in late stance Pes cavus - lack of mobility in foot &reduce absorption Tight proximal myofascial structures -esp calf ham and glutes

Pages to review

34, 37

Clinical features of plantar fasciitis (7)

Gradual onset characterised by medial plantar heel pain Worse with walking and running Worse upon rising in the morning / first step TOP medial tuberosity calcaneus Gait biomechanics play role Muscular tightness and weakness impact

Treatment for plantar fasciitis (12)

Avoidance of activity, cryotherapy, stretching (plantar fascia and calf), taping, STM, NSAIDS, corticosteroid, heal pad, strengthening, footwear, orthoses, surgery

causes of navicular stress # (3)

overuse and training error play role possible impingement between proximal & distal tarsal bones Decrease DF range - increase risk

Signs and symptoms of Navicular stress #

Insidious onset Midfoot pain Localised tenderness at N spot

What to use to find Navicular stress factures

MRI/ CT scans | X-ray has low sensitivity

Treatment of Navicular stress fracture treatment (2)

Rest from WB + Aircast - 6-8/52 Post immobilisation

What is Hallux limitus (inc 1st MTP Sprain)

Pimarily posttraumatic injury to the plantar ligament, capsule, tendon and sesamoid #

MOI of Hallux limitus

Hyperextension - turf toe - limits extension to 5 degrees

Treatment for Hallux limitus

``` Reduced activity NSAIDs/ corticosteroid PT - increase ROM, biomechanical corrections Orthoses Surgery ```

What is Morton's neuroma

swelling of nerve + scar tissue from compression of interdigital nerve ( commonly 3-4 MTs)

Contributing factor to Morton's neuroma

Excessive pronation - MT hypermobility + impingement

Presenting factors of Morton's neuroma

Pain radiating into toes P&N Pain increase with WB and tight shoes

Treatment of Morton's Neuroma

``` Ice MT padding corticosteroid strengthening of foot intrinsic and extrinsics -transverse arch and pronation control Orthoses chronic- nerve ablation ```

What is Hallux valgus

valgus deformity between 20-30 degrees of the big toe - increases up to 60%

causative factors of hallux valgus (6)

secondary to intrinsic and extrinsic factors Footwear Excessive pronation increase length 1st MT and Hallux Trauma - medial + plantar ligament, med sesamoid bone degenerative or neuromuscular disorders

Presentation of hallux valgus (4)

Deformity Tenderness over medial eminence Possible blistering Inflamed bursa medially

Treatment of hallux valgus

Padding, footwear, foot function correction, orthoses, surgery