Week 6 Flashcards
Who introduced systematic desensitization, and what condition is it primarily used to treat?
A: Joseph Wolpe introduced systematic desensitization, which is used for anxiety disorders.
How do ‘third-wave’ cognitive-behavioral therapies differ from earlier phases?
A: They incorporate mindfulness and acceptance principles alongside traditional cognitive and behavioral techniques.
What is a token economy, and who introduced it?
A: A token economy is a system of positive reinforcement to increase desired behaviors, introduced by Teodoro Ayllon and Nathan Azrin.
What are two mindfulness-based cognitive-behavioral treatments?
A: Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Mindfulness-Based Relapse Prevention (MBRP).
What is the theoretical basis for exposure therapy?
A: The extinction of the anxiety response by exposing the client to the feared stimulus without the associated unconditioned stimulus.
What is tardive dyskinesia, and how is it related to antipsychotic drugs?
A: Tardive dyskinesia is a severe movement disorder involving uncontrollable movements of the face, tongue, arms, and legs, which can result from prolonged use of antipsychotic drugs and is often irreversible.
What percentage of young adults and older adults developed symptoms of tardive dyskinesia within four years of starting antipsychotic medications?.
A: 22% of young adults and 30% of those over 55
What is clozapine, and what makes it different from other antipsychotic drugs?
A: Clozapine is an antipsychotic that reduces both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia with a lower risk of tardive dyskinesia but can cause a potentially fatal blood disorder, agranulocytosis.
What are common side effects of anti-anxiety drugs such as diazepam (Valium)?
A: Side effects include drowsiness, lethargy, concentration difficulties, and potential psychological and physical dependence.
What is the mechanism of action for anti-anxiety drugs like bisopirone (BuSpar)?
A: They slow down excitatory synaptic activity by blocking serotonin receptors and enhancing GABA’s inhibitory effects in the nervous system.
What are the three major categories of antidepressant drugs?
A: Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
How do tricyclic antidepressants work?
A: They prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, allowing these neurotransmitters to continue stimulating postsynaptic neurons.
What dietary restrictions are required when taking MAO inhibitors?
A: MAO inhibitors can cause dangerous elevations in blood pressure when taken with certain foods, such as cheeses and some types of wine.
What makes SSRIs different from tricyclic antidepressants and MAO inhibitors?
A: SSRIs selectively increase serotonin activity and have fewer side effects, making them a preferred choice for treating depression.
What is psychosurgery, and how was it used historically in treating mental disorders?
A: Psychosurgery involves surgically removing or destroying brain tissue to alter behavior. Historically, procedures like lobotomies were performed to calm psychotic patients, often with severe side effect
A: Psychosurgery involves surgically removing or destroying brain tissue to alter behavior. Historically, procedures like lobotomies were performed to calm psychotic patients, often with severe side effects
