Week 5A- Cell Biology Flashcards
What is biology?
A science that explores living things and life processes
What are 3 features of cells?
- Basic unit of all living matter
- Essential for life
- Fundamental components of structure, development, growth and life processes in the human body
How does cells exist?
In a multitude of forms that perform diverse functions of the body
What are different types of moving cells?
Some exist as freely moving, independent units while other are stationary
What are qualities of cells that are mature?
They are highly specialized and have predetermined tasks to perform in support of the body
What are cell requirements of the body?
- Provide food as a source of raw material for the release of energy
- Supply oxygen to help break down food
- Have enough water to transport inorganic substances in/out of the cell
What is the benefit of proper cell function?
Enables the body to maintain homeostasis and equilibrium
What are the effects of ionizing radiation damage on cells?
- Cells behave abnormally
- Cells can die
What are the 3 chemical compositions of cells?
- Protoplasm
- Organic Compounds
- Inorganic Compounds
What are protoplasm?
Chemical building material for all living things
What processes do Protoplasm carry on?
Carry on complex processes of metabolism, the reception and processing of food and oxygen and elimination of waste
What do protoplasm consist of?
Organic compounds and inorganic material either dissolved or suspended in water
What are protoplasm formed from?
Formed from 24 elements, with the 4 primary being Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen
What are the most important inorganic substances?
Water and mineral salts (electrolytes)
What are the 4 major classes of organic compounds that compose a cell?
- Proteins
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids
- Nucleic Acids
Which element is the basic constituent of all organic matter?
Carbon
What becomes possible when combining hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen?
Life is possible
Which organic compound contains the most carbon?
Protein
What percent of cell content are proteins?
15%
What are the functions of Proteins?
Essential for growth, construction of new body tissue and repair of injured tissues
How are proteins formed?
When amino acids combine into long, chain like molecular complexes
What do proteins provide to the cell?
Structure and support
Which proteins control cell functions?
Enzymes and hormones
Out of the 4 organic compounds, in which choice would proteins fall in for fuel?
3rd choice
How are proteins organized?
Into 22 different amino acids
What does the order of arrangement of these amino acids determine?
The precise function of each protein molecule
What does the type of proteins a cell contains determine?
The characteristics of that cell
What are enzymatic proteins?
Function as organic catalysts that control the cells various physiological activities
What do Enzymatic proteins do?
Cause an increase in cellular activity that causes biochemical reactions to occur more rapidly to meet the needs of the cell
What are structural proteins?
Provide the body with its shape and form
What do structural proteins provide the body?
A source of heat and energy
What are repair enzymes?
Proteins that can mend damaged molecules and are capable of helping the cell recover from small amounts of radiation damage
What are repair enzymes vital to?
Vital to the survival of cells
What energy ranges are Repair enzymes effective in?
Both diagnostic and therapeutic energy ranges
What are antibodies?
Protein molecules produced by specialized cells in the bone marrow called B lymphocytes
When are antibodies produced?
Produced when other lymphocytes in the body detect the presence of molecules that do not belong
What do antibodies do?
Chemically attack any foreign invaders or antigens
What are hormones?
Chemical secretions manufactured by various endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to influence activities of other parts of the body
What do hormones regulate?
Regulate body functions such as growth and development
What percent of cell content do carbohydrates make up?
1%
What are included in Carbohydrates?
Starches and various sugars
How do carbohydrates range?
From simple to complex
What are the 3 types for carbohydrates?
- Monosaccharides
- Disaccharides
- Polysaccharides
What is the function of carbohydrates?
Function as short-term energy warehouses for the body
What is the primary purpose of carbohydrates?
To provide fuel for cell metabolism
Where are carbohydrates most abundant?
In the liver and muscle tissue
What percent of cell content are lipids?
2%
What are lipids made up of?
Made up of a molecule of glycerin and three molecules of fatty acid
What are the functions lipids perform?
- Act as as a reservoir for long-term energy storage
- Insulate and guard the body against the environment
- Support and protect organs (eyes/kidneys)
- Provide essential substances necessary for growth and development
- Lubricate the joints
- Assist in the digestive process
When are lipids burned as fuel?
Only if there are no carbohydrates available
What percent of cell content do Nucleic acids make up?
1%
What are Nucleic acids made up of?
Nucleotides
What are the two types of Nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What is DNA composed of?
Two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double-helix configuration and are lined by pairs of nitrogenous bases at the sugar molecule level
What attaches the base of DNA to each other?
Hydrogen bonds
What does DNA contain?
All the information the cell needs to function
What does DNA carry?
All genetic information necessary for cells to replicate
What does DNA regulate?
All cellular activity to direct protein synthesis
What does DNA determine and how?
A person’s characteristics by regulating the sequence of amino acids in the persons proteins during synthesis
What is the importance of nitrogenous base pairs in DNA?
Constitute the genetic code
