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Radiation Protection > Week 5- Radiation Monitoring > Flashcards

Week 5- Radiation Monitoring Flashcards

1
Q

What is personnel dosimetry?

A

The monitoring of equivalent dose to any person occupationally exposed on a regular basis to ionizing radiation

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2
Q

What is one purpose of personnel dosimetry?

A

Ensures that occupational radiation exposure levels are kept well below annual effective (EfD) limits

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3
Q

When is personnel monitoring required?

A

Whenever radiation workers are likely to risk receiving 10% of the annual occupational Efd limit in a single year as a consequence of their work

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4
Q

What is 10% of the annual occupational EfD limit?

A

50 mSv (5 rem)

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5
Q

When do most healthcare facilities issue personnel dosimetry devices?

A

When personnel could receive 1% of annual EfD limit in any month

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6
Q

What is 1% of annual occupational EfD limit per month?

A

.5 mSv (50 mrem)

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7
Q

What is the first purpose of personnel dosimeters?

A

To provide an indication of the working habits/conditions of diagnostic imaging personnel

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8
Q

What is the second purpose of personnel dosimeters?

A

Determines occupational exposure by detecting and measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation to which the dosimeter has been exposed

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9
Q

What is a common misconception of personnel dosimeters?

A

Does not protect the wearer from exposure, it is only capable of detecting and measuring ionization

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10
Q

During routing radiographic procedures where should a dosimeter be worn?

A

Primary personnel dosimeter should be attached to the clothing on the front of the body at collar level

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11
Q

When a protective apron is used where should a dosimeter be worn?

A

Should be work outside the apron at collar level on the anterior surface of the body

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12
Q

What is the primary dosimeter measuring when its placed at collar level?

A

Measuring the dose to the thyroid, head and neck

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13
Q

When wearing an apron where should a secondary dosimeter be placed?

A

Under the apron at waist level

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14
Q

For pregnant personnel, where should the dosimeter be worn?

A
  • Primary dosimeter worn at collar level
  • Secondary dosimeter work at abdominal level
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15
Q

What is a type of extremity dosimeter?

A

A thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) ring badge

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16
Q

What is the necessity of a TLD ring?

A

A second monitor that should be worn when the performing radiographic procedures that require hands to be near primary x-ray beam

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17
Q

What does the laser etched cover of the TLD ring contain?

A

Personal identification

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18
Q

What record should radiation exposure be a part of?

A

Part of the employment record of all workers

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19
Q

What values are represented in the employment record?

A

Values represent the average annual EfD to the whole body

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20
Q

What are characteristics of personnel dosimeters?

A
  • Lightweight and easy to carry
  • Made of materials durable enough to tolerate normal daily use
  • Able to detect and record both small and large exposures in a consistent manner
  • Unaffected by outside influences like weather or humidity
  • Are reasonably inexpensive to purchase and maintain
  • Permit healthcare facilities to use large numbers of monitors in a cost-effective manner
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21
Q

What are the three most current types personnel dosimeters?

A
  • Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL)
  • Direct Ion Storage (DIS)
  • Extremity dosimeter (TLD)
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22
Q

What is the most common device used for monitoring occupational exposure?

A

Optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL)

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23
Q

What does an OSL dosimeter contain?

A

Aluminum oxide detector

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24
Q

What energy discrimination does an OSL dosimeter contain?

A

Filters made of aluminum, tin and copper

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25
Q

What is the sensitivity level of OSL dosimeters?

A

Accurate reading as low as 10 uSv

26
Q

What are the advantages of OSL dosimeters?

A
  • Lightweight, durable and easily worn
  • Preloaded packet
  • Allows for reanalysis
27
Q

What are the disadvantages of OSL dosimeters?

A
  • Occupational exposure is recorded only in the body area where the device is attached
  • Exposure cannot be immediately determined
28
Q

How do OSL dosimeters compare to other devices?

A

Its the 2nd most sensitive

29
Q

What are the terms of use for an OSL dosimeter?

A

Can be used up to 1 year, but its normally worn for 1-3 months

30
Q

What type of detector does a TLD contain?

A

Lithium fluoride crystals

31
Q

How does the detector work in a TLD?

A

The photon energy is stored until the detector is “read” by heading it

32
Q
A
33
Q

What are pocket ionization chambers?

A

Pocket dosimeters that resemble a fountain pen

34
Q

What type of detector does a pocket ionization chamber contain?

A

Ionization chamber with a built in electrometer

35
Q

What is the sensitivity level of a pocket ionization chamber?

A

The most sensitive type of

36
Q

What are the terms of use of a pocket ionization chamber?

A

Cannot be used for long-term monitoring. They provide an immediate readout and are used for short term monitoring in high dose situations

37
Q

How is a Direct Ion Storage Dosimeter set up?

A

Small ionization gas filled dosimeter is connected to a solid state device with EEPROM

38
Q

How does a DIS dosimeter work?

A

Radiation ionizes the gas in the ion chambers and the electric charge stores it until its “read-out”

39
Q

How is a DIS read out?

A

It’s read out by physically connecting it to a device where the data can be stored electronically or via an app

40
Q

What are the advantages of DIS?

A
  • Instant access to data
  • Lightweight and durable
  • Can be dropped/scratched without harming the device
41
Q

What are the disadvantages of DIS dosimeter?

A

Must be worn to be accurate

42
Q

When a radiation worker changes jobs, what happens to their dose record?

A

It transfers to the new employer

43
Q

What are the 3 categories of radiation survey instruments?

A
  • Those without a readout scale
  • Those with a readout scale
  • Ionization-chamber based
44
Q

What is the most common detector in radiation survey instruments?

A

Geiger-Muller tube detector

45
Q

What does the simplest form of radiation survey instruments provide?

A

Indicates the presence of radiation above background level

46
Q

What is one limitation of radiation survey instruments?

A

They do not provide a cumulative exposure reading

47
Q

What are the types of instruments used for radiation survey?

A

Portable devices that can detect and measure radiation in the environment

48
Q

What do radiation survey instruments respond to?

A

Respond to the charged particles that are produced by the radiation interacting with and ionizing the gas in the detector

49
Q

What do radiation survey instruments measure?

A

Measure either the quantity of electrical charge resulting from the ionization of gas or the rate at which the electrical charge is produced

50
Q

What do gas filled detectors include?

A
  • Ionization chamber type survey meter (cutie pie)
  • Proportional counter
  • GM survey meter
51
Q

What are the requirements for radiation survey instruments?

A
  • Portable
  • Durable
  • Reliable
  • Interacts with radiation like tissues do
  • Detect all common types of ionizing radiation
  • Is not impacted by energy of the radiation
  • Cost effective
  • Calibrated annually to ensure accurate operation
52
Q

How can ionization chambers be used to measure X-ray exposure?

A

Can be used to measure the radiation output from both radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray equipment

53
Q

What is the cutie pie ionization chamber used for?

A

Radiation protection surveys

54
Q

What needs to be calibrated periodically to meet state and federal dose evaluation standards?

A

The ionization chamber and electrometer systems

55
Q

How do medical physicists use ionization chambers?

A

Ionization chambers are connected to electrometers to perform stand measurements required by state, federal and health orgs for radiographic devices

56
Q

What is the primary portable radiation survey instrument used in nuclear medicine?

A

The Geiger-Muller survey meter

57
Q

What does the Geiger-Muller Survey meter effective in?

A

Effective to detect radioactive nuclei or photons to small amounts of radiation

58
Q

What is the Geiger-Muller survey meter used to detect?

A

Used to detect radiation from spills, lost radioactive sources, etc

59
Q

How does the Ginger-Muller survey meter work?

A

It has an audible signal and a meter to measure the presence of radiation

60
Q

What is the proportional counter used for?

A

As a lab instrument to measure alpha and beta particles, NOT for diagnostic imaging

Radiation Protection (15 decks)

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