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Radiation Protection > Week 5A > Flashcards

Week 5A Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major cell structures and organelles, and what functions do they serve?

A

Major structures include the nucleus (contains DNA), mitochondria (energy production), and ribosomes (protein synthesis).

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2
Q

What is the role of antibodies in the immune response?

A

Antibodies are proteins that identify and neutralize foreign invaders or antigens.

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3
Q

What are the four primary elements that form protoplasm?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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4
Q

What is the role of repair enzymes in cellular damage recovery?

A

Repair enzymes mend damaged molecules, aiding in the recovery from radiation-induced damage.

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5
Q

What are the functions of DNA?

A

DNA carries genetic information necessary for cell replication and regulates cellular activity and protein synthesis.

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6
Q

What role do water and mineral salts play in cell function?

A

Water transports substances in and out of cells, while mineral salts maintain cell osmosis and nerve function.

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7
Q

What types of RNA exist, and what are their locations and functions?

A

Types include mRNA (in cytoplasm, directs protein synthesis), rRNA (in ribosomes, forms proteins), and tRNA (brings amino acids to ribosomes).

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8
Q

What is the process of mitosis?

A

Mitosis is the process of cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, involving stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

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9
Q

What is the molecular structure of DNA?

A

DNA consists of two long sugar-phosphate chains twisted in a double-helix, linked by nitrogenous bases.

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10
Q

How do hormones affect body functions?

A

Hormones are chemical messengers regulating processes such as growth, metabolism, and mood.

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11
Q

How does the structure of DNA enable its function as the genetic material?

A

DNAs double-helix structure allows it to store and transmit genetic information via sequences of nitrogenous bases.

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12
Q

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

A

Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half, resulting in four genetically diverse gametes, while mitosis produces two identical cells.

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13
Q

What are the major organic and inorganic substances found in the cell?

A

Organic compounds and inorganic compounds such as water and mineral salts.

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14
Q

What is the role of proteins in cell structure and function?

A

Proteins provide structural support, facilitate biochemical reactions as enzymes, and regulate cellular processes.

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15
Q

How do cells perform diverse functions in the body?

A

Cells specialize in various tasks, adapting their structures and processes to meet specific physiological needs.

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16
Q

How do organic compounds differ from inorganic compounds?

A

Organic compounds contain carbon and are usually associated with living organisms, while inorganic compounds do not primarily contain carbon.

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17
Q

How do you define a chromosome?

A

A chromosome is a structure made of DNA and proteins that contains genetic information.

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18
Q

What are the key components of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.

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19
Q

How do structural and enzymatic proteins differ in function?

A

Structural proteins provide shape and support, while enzymatic proteins act as catalysts to speed up biochemical reactions.

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20
Q

What is protoplasm and its significance in living organisms?

A

Protoplasm is the living substance of cells, essential for metabolism, growth, and reproduction.

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21
Q

What are the structural roles of lipids in the cell?

A

Lipids form cell membranes and provide insulation and protection for vital organs.

22
Q

What are amino acids and their significance in protein synthesis?

A

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins; their arrangement dictates protein structure and function.

23
Q

What is a gene, and how does it relate to DNA?

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein, influencing traits and functions.

24
Q

How do carbohydrates serve as a source of energy for the cell?

A

Carbohydrates function as short-term energy stores, primarily metabolized for fuel.

25
Q

How do proteins contribute to growth and tissue repair?

A

Proteins are essential for constructing new tissues and repairing damaged structures.

26
Q

What are the functions of water within and outside the cell?

A

Inside, water is a medium for reactions; outside, it transports materials, maintains body temperature, lubricates systems, and protects organs.

27
Q

What is the main purpose of genes within chromosomes?

A

Genes direct cytoplasmic activity, control cell growth and development, and transmit hereditary information.

28
Q

What result does meiosis produce in terms of chromosome number?

A

Meiosis results in four daughter cells, each with 23 chromosomes.

29
Q

What are the main components of a normal human cell?

A

The main components are the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles, and nucleus.

30
Q

What are the distinct phases of the cellular life cycle?

A

The phases are M (mitosis), G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), and G2 (preparation for mitosis).

31
Q

What is the process of mitosis and why is it important?

A

Mitosis is the process where a cell divides to form two identical daughter cells, important for growth and repair.

32
Q

How many types of tRNA are present in a human cell?

A

There are at least 22 types of tRNA, one for each amino acid.

33
Q

What is the outcome of the telophase stage of mitosis?

A

In telophase, the cytoplasm divides, and the nuclear membrane reappears, resulting in two identical cells.

34
Q

Describe the structure of chromosomes.

A

Chromosomes are tiny rod-shaped bodies composed of protein and DNA, visible only in dividing cells.

35
Q

What is the primary function of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

A

rRNA assists in linking mRNA to the ribosome to facilitate protein synthesis.

36
Q

How do mineral salts contribute to the cells osmotic pressure?

A

Mineral salts help maintain the correct water proportion in cells, crucial for osmotic pressure and cell function.

37
Q

How does meiosis differ from mitosis?

A

Meiosis reduces chromosome number by half, occurring in germ cells, while mitosis creates identical somatic cells.

38
Q

Why is water considered essential for cellular functions?

A

Water is crucial for chemical reactions, acts as a solvent, and helps regulate the concentration of substances in cells.

39
Q

Describe what occurs during prophase.

A

In prophase, the nuclear membrane dissolves, and spindle structures form, anchored by centrioles.

40
Q

What are inorganic compounds, and how do they differ from organic compounds?

A

Inorganic compounds do not contain carbon and are found as acids, bases, and salts; organic compounds do contain carbon.

41
Q

What are the stages of meiosis?

A

Meiosis occurs in two stages: a mitosis-like division and a division without replication, producing four cells.

42
Q

How are chromosomes arranged during metaphase?

A

During metaphase, paired chromosomes line up along the central axis of the spindle.

43
Q

What is the structure and function of messenger RNA (mRNA)?

A

mRNA resembles one half of a DNA molecule and serves as a template for protein synthesis.

44
Q

What happens to chromosomes during anaphase?

A

In anaphase, the paired chromosomes separate and move towards opposite poles of the cell.

45
Q

What role does transfer RNA (tRNA) play in protein synthesis?

A

tRNA receives the genetic code from mRNA, combines with amino acids, and delivers them to ribosomes to form proteins.

46
Q

What is the human genome and how is it structured?

A

The human genome is the total amount of genetic material (DNA) in chromosomes, with about 30,000 genes mapped in roughly 2.9 billion base pairs.

47
Q

How does mRNA differ from DNA in terms of composition?

A

mRNA contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), and is a single strand rather than a double helix.

48
Q

How many chromosomes do normal human somatic cells contain?

A

Normal human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs.

49
Q

How many base pairs are estimated to be in the human genome?

A

The human genome has approximately 2.9 billion base pairs.

50
Q

What are the four subphases of mitosis?

A

The four subphases are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

Radiation Protection (15 decks)

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