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Radiation Protection > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is the record of radiation exposure important in employment records for radiation workers?

A

It tracks exposure levels to ensure they are within safe limits and for compliance with safety regulations.

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2
Q

Under what circumstances is personnel dosimetry a requirement?

A

When radiation workers are likely to exceed 10% of the annual occupational EfD limit of 50 mSv (5 rem) in a year.

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3
Q

What is the primary function of a personnel dosimeter?

A

To indicate the working habits and conditions of diagnostic imaging personnel and measure occupational exposure to ionizing radiation.

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4
Q

What is the concept of area monitoring in radiation protection?

A

Area monitoring involves measuring radiation levels in a specific environment to ensure safety standards are met.

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5
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of optically stimulated luminescence dosimeters (OSLs)?

A

Advantages: Lightweight, durable, allows for reanalysis. Disadvantages: Measures exposure only at the location worn, exposure isnt immediately determined.

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6
Q

What is the sensitivity range of OSL dosimeters?

A

OSL dosimeters can accurately read exposures as low as 10 μSv.

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7
Q

How is exposure assessment conducted using different dosimetry devices?

A

Devices detect and measure ionizing radiation exposure, with periodic analysis and reporting of the data collected.

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8
Q

Why is a second dosimeter sometimes used, and where should it be placed?

A

A second dosimeter is worn beneath a lead apron at waist level when additional monitoring is required for fetal or extremity exposure.

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9
Q

What information can be interpreted from a radiation monitoring report?

A

It includes data about the occupational exposure measured, aiding in assessing if exposure is within regulatory limits.

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10
Q

How is occupational radiation exposure measured and monitored with dosimeters?

A

By detecting and measuring the quantity of ionizing radiation the dosimeter is exposed to over a period of time.

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11
Q

What role does control monitoring play in personnel dosimetry?

A

Control monitors are used as baseline references for assessing the validity of dosimeter readings in varying environments.

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12
Q

Why dont personnel dosimeters provide protection from radiation?

A

They are designed only to detect and measure ionizing radiation, not to shield or protect against it.

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13
Q

How do direct ion storage (DIS) dosimeters differ from other types?

A

DIS dosimeters use ion storage technology for real-time exposure monitoring and can be read instantly on-site.

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14
Q

What features make an optically stimulated luminescence dosimeter (OSL) popular?

A

Lightweight, durable, easy reanalysis capabilities, and accurate readings as low as 10 μSv.

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15
Q

Why is the placement of a personnel dosimeter important?

A

To accurately measure the radiation dose received by the most exposed parts of the body, such as the thyroid, head, and neck.

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16
Q

Where should the primary personnel dosimeter be placed during routine imaging procedures?

A

It should be attached to the front of the body at collar level, outside any protective apron.

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17
Q

What are the different types of personnel dosimeters?

A

Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dosimeters, Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs), Pocket Ionization Chambers, and Digital Ionization Chambers.

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18
Q

How is personnel monitoring managed for pregnant diagnostic imaging personnel?

A

The primary dosimeter is worn at collar level and a second is worn at the abdominal level.

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19
Q

What are the three types of gas-filled survey instruments and their appropriate uses?

A

Ionization Chambers for exposure measurement, Proportional Counters for alpha and beta radiation, and Geiger-Müller Detectors for detecting radioactive particles.

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20
Q

At what level does a personnel dosimeter detect and measure ionizing radiation?

A

It measures exposure to ionizing radiation that the wearer is exposed to over a period.

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21
Q

What are the limitations of the OSL dosimeter when assessing occupational exposure?

A

It measures exposure only in the area where it is attached and doesnt provide immediate exposure data.

22
Q

What factors should not influence the performance of a personnel dosimeter?

A

Environmental factors like warm weather and humidity should not affect its performance.

23
Q

What is the purpose of an extremity dosimeter?

A

To measure radiation exposure to the hands or extremities during procedures involving close proximity to the primary X-ray beam.

24
Q

What are the desirable characteristics of an effective personnel dosimeter?

A

Lightweight, durable, able to detect and record small/large exposures, unaffected by environmental conditions, inexpensive, and easy to carry.

25
Q

How do healthcare facilities implement the ALARA concept in personnel monitoring?

A

By issuing dosimeters when personnel might receive about 1% of their annual EfD limit in a month, approximately 0.5 mSv.

26
Q

What do gas-filled detectors measure in relation to radiation?

A

They measure the quantity of electrical charge resulting from the ionization of gas or the rate at which the electrical charge is produced.

27
Q

What are the advantages of Direct Ion Storage Dosimeters?

A

Instant access to data, lightweight and durable, can withstand being dropped or scratched.

28
Q

Why is the proportional counter not used in diagnostic imaging?

A

It is primarily a lab instrument used for measuring alpha and beta particles.

29
Q

What is the main disadvantage of pocket ionization chambers?

A

They cannot be used for long-term monitoring and must be charged before each use.

30
Q

What are the key components of a pocket ionization chamber?

A

An ionization chamber with a built-in electrometer.

31
Q

How are ionization chambers used in radiology for X-ray exposure measurement?

A

They are used to measure the radiation output from radiographic and fluoroscopic X-ray equipment.

32
Q

What is the sensitivity range of OSL dosimeters for X-ray and gamma ray?

A

10 μSv (1 mRem) to 10 Sv (1000 rem).

33
Q

What are the requirements for portable radiation survey instruments?

A

Portable, durable, reliable, interacts with radiation as tissue does, detects all common types of ionizing radiation, response not affected by radiation energy, cost-effective, calibrated annually.

34
Q

Which professionals use ionization chambers for standard measurements required by health organizations?

A

Medical physicists.

35
Q

What type of detector is used in Optically Stimulated Luminescence Dosimeters (OSLs)?

A

Aluminum oxide detector (Al2O3).

36
Q

Which instrument is primarily used for area monitoring in nuclear medicine?

A

Geiger-Müller Survey Meter.

37
Q

How does the sensitivity of OSL dosimeters compare to film badges and TLDs?

A

OSL is more sensitive than film badge and TLDs and is the 2nd most sensitive of the four common types.

38
Q

What is a common use case for pocket ionization chambers?

A

For short-duration monitoring in high dose situations with an immediate readout.

39
Q

What additional component must be calibrated along with ionization chambers for compliance in radiology?

A

The electrometer system must also be calibrated periodically.

40
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the ionization chamber-type survey meter (cutie pie)?

A

Advantages: Sensitivity ranges, used for radiation protection surveys. Disadvantages: Not very useful for diagnostic imaging using X-ray.

41
Q

What makes the Geiger-Müller survey meter suitable for detecting small amounts of radiation?

A

It is highly effective in detecting radioactive nuclei or photons to small amounts of radiation and includes an audible signal.

42
Q

What are the three filters used in OSL dosimeters?

A

Aluminum (Al), Tin (Sn), and Copper (Cu).

43
Q

What must be done when a radiation worker changes employers?

A

A record of their cumulative dose should be transferred to the new employer.

44
Q

How is a TLD read?

A

By heating the crystals, which releases stored photon energy.

45
Q

What type of crystals are used in Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs)?

A

Lithium Fluoride (LiF) crystals.

46
Q

How does radiation information get stored in Direct Ion Storage Dosimeters (DIS)?

A

Radiation ionizes the gas in the chamber, and the electric charge is stored in EEPROM until read out.

47
Q

What is the typical usage term for an OSL dosimeter?

A

Up to 1 year, but commonly worn for 1 to 3 months.

48
Q

How do proportional counters differ in their measurement capabilities compared to GM survey meters?

A

Proportional counters are used for measuring alpha and beta particles, whereas GM survey meters are used for detecting gamma radiation and X-rays.

49
Q

What are the three categories of radiation survey instruments for area monitoring?

A

Instruments without a readout scale, with a readout scale, and ionization-chamber based.

50
Q

What is a common type of detector used in radiation survey instruments for area monitoring?

A

A Geiger-Müller tube.

Radiation Protection (15 decks)

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