Week 5 - social development Flashcards
what is psychosocial development
focusses on changes in interpersonal thought, behaviour feeling and self concept across a lifespan
what are erikons 8 stages of psychosocial development?
- stages have basic conflict and importance leading to growth
- each stage invlves involvement with others and contains a life task for that indivisual
- each stage involves a conflict between two oppposite
- goal is for the inidivisual ot have a good balance between the two
BIRTH -> childhood
1. trust vs mistruct - quality of relationship between infant and primary caregiver
- unsuccessful completion of feeding causes fear, anxiety, mistrust towards the world
2. autonomy vs shame and doubt: maturation of childs muscle system and ability to coodinate actions
- toilet training - if encourgaes become confident, if not become overly dependant, lack self esteem and shame and doubt
3. initiative vs guilt: childrens personality develops around imagination
- willingness to learn quickly and make things with other
- important event: child given permission to be indepdant in activities will display inititative and confidence - if fails - child will feel guilty and feel like a nuisance
4. industry vs inferiority - observe how things are done and learning
- success: if initiative reinforced - feel confident industrious
- fails: inferior, doubt their abilities, sense of inadequedecy, childs sense of identitiy can be damaged
MIDDLE SCHOOL/HIGH SCHOOL
5. identiity vs role confusion - assembled elements identity and accept and reject elements that do not suit their indentity
important role: deelopment of peer relationships
- success : preferred capacities/communication, consitant roles - accept their identity
- fails: sense of self hindered, lack of confidence
ADULT HOOD:
6. intimacy vs isolation - indiivisual begins to choose preperance in work, home life, develop intimacy
important: love relationships
succcess: comfortable relaitonships, safety, commitment
fail: lonliness, depression
7. genertiity/stagnation - persons interest in estabilising and guiding the next generation
important: parenting
sucess: settle down in careers, give back to society through work, children
fail: feelings of stagnititvy, unproductiveness
. integrity vs despair
- depends n the persons adaptation to successes and disappointments in persons life
success: good reflection and acceptance
fail: despair, fear of death
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what is Vygotskys theory based on ?
The role of culture has on the development mental functions of indivisual - speech and reasoning
- adults in society influence childrens cognitive development
what are the 6 major assumptions in vygotskys theory?
- adults show the meanings attached to objects, experiences and events (dad reading book to daughter on transportation - shows how our society classifies transportation)
- language and speech become indpedant in first years of life
- complex mental processes begin through social activities - dad reading a book to daught is the social activitiy that trasnforms the way the daughter percieves modes of trasnportation when she seems them in real life
- children can perform more complex activities when assisted by experienced advanced indivisual
- actual development : upper limit of tasks indivisual can undertake without help
- potential development: upper limit of tasks inidivual can do with the help of indivisuals (duaghter knows that the shapes go into the holes of the game but doesnt know which hole, with the assistance of father she knew which shapes go into what holes (potential development) - challenging tasks promote maximum cognitive growth (ZPD - zone of proximal development)
- ZPD; takss child can perform with advanced indivisual but cannot perform by themselves - play allows children to stretch themselves cognitivley
- allows children to take on roles they would not normally be able to do
what are the four stages of speech development in vygotskys theory?
- preintellectual speech: begins with childs cry that symbolises hunger, thirst, tired, begins to point, babble
- autonomous speech: child invents words to communicate with adults Ba, Da,
- naiive psychology : child learns that objects are referred to by name, connections between words and objects develop, use of simple language to mean more ( dada= dad pick me up im hungry)
- communicative and egocentric speech: as language increaingly develops from third stage , speech split into 2 categories:
- communicative: external speech and is for others
- egocentric: for ones self (might say a plan out load to her self so she understands it better)
- innerspeech: talking to ones self not a loud and is developed during preschool years
what does attachment mean?
strong emotional tie that bonds one person with another
attachment involves 1
1. desire for child to be proximally close to his/her caregiver
2. ones actions results in response of the other perosn
3. causes distress when caregiver is absent
4. security around caregiver
what are the different attachment types? there are 4
- avoidant- avoids the caregiver when caregiver is present
- ambivalent - shows closeness to the mum but at the same time present anger, towards the caregiver
- disorganised: child may approach mother but gazes away, disorganised motor functions, dazed facial expressions
- secure: when child is very close to the caregiver and is always in close proximity to the mum - crys/stresses out when caregiver is absent
what are the different type of parenting styles?
authoritative: warm, verbal give and take, makes resonable age appropreite demands, listens and considers to chils points of view when in an argument
authoritarian: complete strcit, parents decision is the only one that counts, does not let child have opinion, does NOT promote autonomy and leads to child feeling shame and doubt
permissive: lets child have everything, agrees with what child says, unstrcit,
uninvolved: where the parents shows no interest in the child and is absent in most times of childs life (when chid gets award at school, parents are not there, or when child comes home late from party parents are not home and dont really care where the child is)
based on the parents parenting styles what are the characteristics of the child?
if parents of the child are
authoritative: self-control, self-reliant, socially responsible, independant, likes to explore
authtarian: distrustful of others, disorientated, withdrawn,
permissive: selfish, demanding, egocentric, lacking self control
uninvolved: behavioural problems, disruptions of attachment in peer relationships
why are peer relationships so important?
- influentive social development
- contribute to social-cognitive and moral development that parent relationships cannot
- learn how to intereact within social settings
- teach emotional control and communication
- peers help child overcome egocentrisim
what are the 4 different types of peer group status?
- neglected: no one cares about/no feelings for this person- low levels of posititve/negative behaviour and has little impact
- rejected: majority hates these types of people- antisocial or withdrawn type (agressive and uninvolved)
- popular: many likes ad everyone loves - academically bright, athletic, sociable
- controversial many likes and many hates - more aggressive than antisocial behaviours but can be academically bright/socialble
- average - normal levels of all behaviours
what are some consequences with peer status?
- once peer status associated with someone - their status stays the same
- negative peer status stays longer with a person than positive peer status
- the agressive type for rejected children have higher susceptibility to substance abuse, academic difficulties, criminality, psychopathy
- consequences of peer status develops into adulthood
- negative effects of peer rejection has a much worse outcome than positive consequences
- withdrawn-rejected suffer anxiety, depression, relationship problems
