Week 10 Stress and Coping

Question 1

what is the world definition of health

Answer 1

• indivisuals complete state of health
• social, mental, psychological
• NOT just goverened by the absense of abnormality/disorders

Question 2

what is health psychology?

Answer 2

Focusses on psychological influences in the indivisuals

• how ppl stay healthly
• how ppl become ill
• how ppl respond to their illness

Question 3

what are the different theories within health psychology?

Answer 3

1. health belief model
2. self-protection motivational change
3. theory of reasoned action
4. theory of planned behaviour (TRA + self efficacy)
5. transtheoretical model

Question 4

what are the four key componenets in the health belief model theory?

Answer 4

1. Perceived susceptibility: Is the perception of someone believing he is or i likely to develop the illness.
   * E.g George has uncle with lung cancer from smoking all the time. Because his family has it, George believes if he continues to smoke, he will be very susceptible in getting lung cancer
   * Optimism bias: when someone is too optimistic and believes he or she is less susceptible in developing the illness when compared to others
2. Perceived seriousness/severity
   * The perception someone has on how serious the illness is and is related to the physical consequences of the illness as well as how seriously it affects the peers around them including family, friends, peers
   * More severe = more serious the illness is to someone
   * Example: Georges uncle passed away, so he now perceives smoking to result in a very serious illness
3. Benefits/barriers:
   * When a person evaluates the weight of benefits vs barriers when quitting
   * Example:
   
   • George sees many benefits in quitting smoking: prevents lung cancer, better ability to exercise, better skin, longer life.
   • negative barriers quitting smoking: weight gain, alienating peers, going against social norm within “adolescents” (depends on the environment)
4. Cues of action: factors that influence the person in quitting or not quitting : friends, parents, siblings, media, social norm, environment

Question 5

what is the basis of Theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 5

TPB - believes that somones intentions is the greatest predictor in someones behaviour/action.

• INTENTION is predicted by 3 things
  1. ATTITUDE - negative/positive (going to dance club will it be fun/will it be boring and annoying?)
  2. SELF - EFFICACY - hard/ easy ( how hard is it to undertake the task - will it be hard/nuisance to go to the club/do you have transportation/will there be traffic?
  3. SOCIAL NORMS - attitudes/behaviours that are considered normal and determines others approval/disapproval for a particular behaviour - approve/ disapprove (how would others react if you went to the club/will your reputation be reuined?)

Question 6

what is the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 6

it is the same as TPB but MINUS the self efficacy portion

Question 7

what is the transtheoretical model? what are the 5 stages included in this theory?

Answer 7

1. precontemplation: stage where indivisual is not thinking of changing - likes/agrees with his/her behaviour and thinks there is nothing wrong with it
2. contemplation: contemplating on changing and begins to realise that his/her actions are wrong and should be changed. This stage the person does not make a change yet
3. preparation: ready to make a change - begins to prepare in order to make the change - looking up therpaists/diet programs/
4. action : starts to actually make a change - begins the diet/started councelling/reducing smoking by only smoking half a packet a week - this stage is the most susceptible in relapsing
5. maintainance: maintaining the change and is at a stable state
   - termination

Question 8

what are some barriers in modifying poor health?

Answer 8

1. poor health habits become ingrained
2. culmalatative - the poor habit is not evident until months/years later
3. behaviour is pleasurable and addictive
4. just because someone is healthy in one aspect of life, does NOT mean he/she is healthy in other aspects
   example: Very fit and goes to the gym 3/4 times a week but engages in popping pills 3 days a week

Question 9

what are some factors causing instability to health?

Answer 9

1. factors can change within the period of engaging in the behaviour
2. different factors control same behaviour for diff ppl
3. health behaviour patterns changes within a persons lifetime

Question 10

How does intervening with children/adolescents affect their health

Answer 10

1. socialisation - influenced by social norms, rules, beliefs from their family/society
2. adolescents ignore early training from parents - adolescents really vunerable to problamatic health

Question 11

How is intereving iwth at risk people affect their health? what are some problems seen with this?

Answer 11

1. alerting the ppl early of their old habits may prevent continuning and contributes to vulnerability
2. knowledge of the affects of bad behaviour/habits monitor their situation
   problems: people dont realise how srs their problem is, optimistic bias, ethical issues (how early or when is the best time to address that someone has a problem?)

Question 12

what are some psychosocial interventions in treating health?

Answer 12

1. motivational interviewing
2. CBT
3. drugs
4. stepped care

Question 13

what is the general adaptation syndrome? (GAS)

Answer 13

• when people have experienced a prolonged period of stress they undergo 3 distinctive stages
  1. alarm reduction: your body adjusts to the experienced stress
  2. stage of resistance: your body becomes used to the amount of stress it is under
  3. stage of exhaustion: bodys resources are drained and stress hormones depleted -> results in person becoming sick (think to when exams are over you always get sick)

Question 14

Describe the 3 process of stress

Answer 14

1. Primary appraisal: deciding if the situation is irrelvant/relevant, positive or threatening
2. secondary appraisal: deciding on ways to cope with the stress and access the resources the person has to potentially overcome the stress
3. action

Question 15

what are the two ways of coping with stress?

Answer 15

1. problem focused: try to reduce or change the stressor by evaluating, analysing the problem and see how it can be changed
2. emotion-focused: Focusses on changing the emotion to the particular stressor - engaging in sport activities, seeking support from friends/family

Question 16

what are the two ways of coping with stress?

Answer 16

1. problem focused: try to reduce or change the stressor by evaluating, analysing the problem and see how it can be changed
2. emotion-focused: Focusses on changing the emotion to the particular stressor - engaging in sport activities, seeking support from friends/family

Question 17

what is the basis of protection motivation theory of health?

Answer 17

PMT - is health belief model + self efficacy

Question 18

IS CBT a psycosocial or psychological type of therapy? what is it?

Answer 18

• psychosocial type of theray

- merges both cognitive and behaviour therapy and focusses on the relatipnship between thoughts, emotions and behaviour

Question 19

is motivational interviewing a psychological or psychosocial type of therapy? what is it and what are the 4 key components to motivational interviewing?

Answer 19

• effective way to talk to people about change
• helps resolve peoples amblivalence towards change by motivating clinents to change
• Open question: questions that call for a more than a yes or no answer “how do you feel” “what role does alcohol play in your life” encourages the clinent to talk about whats on his/her mind
• Affirmation: statements about anything positive that the clinents notices about the clinent “you really care about your family” “it took alot of courage coming in today” builds self confidence/self efficacy
• Reflection: understanding what the person is thinking feeling, and saying it back to the clinent - convey empathy towards clinent and shows therpaist is listening
• Summary: summarising all of clinents negative and positive points in making the change -

Question 20

what is the spirit of MI? what are the 4 components that make up spirit of MI?

Answer 20

Partnership: clinent and therapist work collaboratively together
Acceptance: therapist respect the clinent
Compassion: keep the clinents best interest in mind
Evocation: best ideas come from the client

Question 21

what are the 4 processes in MI? e

Answer 21

engaging: process of building a mutually close and trustful relationship between the clinent and the therapist, making feel comfortable, having mutual goals, clinent feeling hopeful, make clinent feel understood
- disengaging: assessing is offputting - asking questions all the time and telling clinent how to fix their problem is also not engaging, labeling

Focussing: ongoing process of seeking and maintaining direction - setting an agenda, goals priorites,

Evoking: listening to clinents own motivation of change

• change talk (clients talk that favours the direction of change “i want, i need, i will)
• if change talk limited: ask questions like “why do you want to make a change” what are the reasons to change, what would the benefits be in making the change”

planning: developing specific change plan that the client agrees on
- going from a general concept to developing a specific plan (achievable, measurable, appropriete time)