Week 5 - Respiratory brief Flashcards
Upper respiratory components
Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
Lower respiratory components
Trachea, Bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs
Which part of the lower has more cartilage?
Trachea, bronchi
Which part of the lower has more muscle?
Bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, alveoli
Which part of the lower respiratory tract does Asthma impact?
Bronchioles
What are the two types of blood supply in the lungs?
Pulmonary circulation - blood supply for oxygen to heart
Bronchial circulation - blood supply to lungs
Muscles involved in forced inspiration
Ext. intercostal, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalenes, Pec minor, Diaphragm, Serratus ant., Erector Spinae
Muscles involved in forced expiration
Rectus abdominis, Int. intercostal, Ext. Oblique, Int. Oblique, Transversus abdominis, Lats
How do the structures in and around the alveoli make it easier for gas exchange
- Large surface area
- One cell thick - easy diffusion
- Moist lining - allows gases to dissolve and diffuse
- Good blood supply
- Good ventilation
Partial pressure of Nitrogen, Oxygen and CO2 in atmosphere
PN2 = 590mmHg
P02 = 159mmHg
PCO2 = 0.3mmHg
760mmHg total
What does the pressure of oxygen drop to during inhalation and why?
159mmHg to 104mmHg. Some oxygen is lost to water for humidification.
What does the pressure of carbon dioxide increase to during inhalation?
0.3mmHg to 40mmHg.
Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary arteries?
PO2 = 40mmHg
PCO2 = 45mmHG
Partial pressure of O2 and CO2 in pulmonary veins?
PO2 = 100mHg
PCO2 = 40mmHg
Nerves that innervate quiet breathing muscles
Intercostal nerve, phrenic nerve
Which effector nerves would be involved in raising the RR
From respiratory centre through CST, to phrenic and intercostal nerves
3 areas in the Medulla and their role
Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - inspiration
Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - expiration
Pre-Botzinger complex - rhythm
2 areas in the Pons and their role
Pneumotaxic centre - inhibit Medulla
Apneustic centre - stimulates Medulla
Chemoreceptors role
Receptors that respond to changes in pH, O2, CO2 in the blood and CSF
Medulla chemoreceptors
Change in pH in CSF
Peripheral chemoreceptors
Carotid and aortic chemoreceptors detect change in pH, Co2, O2 in blood through Vagus nerve (aortic), Glossopharyngeal nerve (Carotid)
Types of mechanoreceptors in the lung
Stretch receptors, receptors to irritants
Mechanoreceptors role in respiration
Stretch receptors in the lungs transmit information through vagus nerve. When lungs are excessively inflated it triggers the inflation reflex, which stops inspiration and prolongs expiration.
Receptors to irritants will promote coughing
How does pain/emotion effect ventilation and where from?
Lymbic system in Hypothalamus
Anxiety - hyperventilation
Pain - gasping, crying
What area of the brain allows voluntary control of respiratory system?
Primary motor cortex which sends signals to spinal cord bypassing respiratory centre in brainstem.
Phrenic and intercostal nerve spinal levels
Phrenic - C3,4,5
Intercostal - T1-T11
