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Biomolecules > Week 5 quiz > Flashcards

Week 5 quiz Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is used to represent sphingolipids?

A

Inverted L

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2
Q

How long is the carbon chain for sphingolipids?

A

18 Carbons

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3
Q

What are the two main components of sphingolipids?

A

Fatty acid + sphingosine

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4
Q

What kind of bond forms between sphingosine and fatty acids?

A

Amide linkages

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5
Q

What kind of molecule is formed through the linkage of sphingosine to fatty acids?

A

Ceramide

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6
Q

What groups interact between sphingosine and fatty acids?

A

Carboxyl and amino groups

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7
Q

Which group on a ceramide reacts with other polar groups?

A

Hydroxyl on first carbon (from bottom)

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8
Q

What two kids of polar groups can interact with ceramides?

A

Phosphate and carbohydrate groups

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9
Q

If a phosphate group bonds with a ceramide, you get a _

A

Phosphosphingolipid

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10
Q

If a carbohydrate group bonds with a ceramide, you get a

A

Glycosphingolipid

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11
Q

If a single sugar bonds with a ceramide you get _

A

Cerebroside, like glucocerbroside

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12
Q

If two or more sugar groups bond with a ceramide you get

A

A globoside

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13
Q

If an N-acetyl neuraminic acid (NANA) bonds with a ceramide, you get _

A

A ganglioside

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14
Q

Give an example of a phosphosphingolipid

A

Sphingomyelin

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15
Q

Which kind of transporter only transports one solute molecule?

A

Uniport transporter

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16
Q

Which kind of transporter transports two molecules in the same direction?

A

Symport transporter

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17
Q

Which kind of transporter transports two solute molecules in opposite directions?

A

Antiport transporter

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18
Q

Give a main function of glucose transporters in the body

A

Shuttling glucose between the liver and the bloodstream

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19
Q

Glucose transporters are _

A

Uniports

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20
Q

Is glucose transport active or passive?

A

Passive, molecules go down the conentration gradient

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21
Q

Name a symport confomrational transporter found in renal eputhelial cells in the kidney

A

Na+/glucose transporter

22
Q

What type of transporter is Na+/K+ ATPase?

A

Antiport

23
Q

How do ions flow against conentration gradient (active transport) in Na/K ATPase?

A

Using the energy coming from the hydrolysis of ATP

24
Q

What are normal blood glucose levels in humans?

A

60-150mg/dL

25
Q

How long does it take for glycogen stores to be depleted?

A

Around 10-18 hours

26
Q

How is glucose made available to cells during a fasted state with depleted glycogen stores?

A

Through the process of gluconeogenesis?

27
Q

Compare gluconeogenesis to glycolysis

A

Gluconeogenesis is like the reverse process. 3 steps in glycolysis are irreversible so alternative pathways replace them in gluconeogenesis

28
Q

Opening a channel and allowing molecules to flow down conentration gradient is called _

A

Facilitated diffusion

29
Q

Why do fatty acids not form linear structures?

A

Because of the tetrahedral shape of carbon

30
Q

Why do saturated fats have higher melting/boiling points?

A

Chains can be densely packed/folded, interactions require more energy to overcome

31
Q

At room temperature, oils are in a _ state, they are composed mainly of _

A

Liquid, unsaturated fats

32
Q

At room temperature, fats are in a _ state, they are composed mainly of _

A

Solid, saturated

33
Q

2 main differences between omega and delta naming system for fatty acids:

A

Delta counts carbons starting at carbonyl group
Omega starts furthest away from carbonyl
Delta names all double bonds
Omega only notates first double bond

34
Q

Molecules which are amphiphiles are _

A

Hydrophobic and hydrophilic (at different sites)

35
Q

What is a triglyceride molecule?

A

A glycerol bonded to three fatty acid chains

36
Q

Which kind of reaction bonds fatty acids at hydroxyl groups of glycerol?

A

Dehydration

37
Q

Hydrolysis of triglycerides produces _

A

Fatty acids and glycerol

38
Q

Which atoms are found in phospholipids?

A

P, O, C, H, N

39
Q

What are the main components of phospholipids?

A

Phosphate group (N in R group), glycerol and two fatty acid chains

40
Q

Give 4 examples of steroid hormones:

A

Testosterone, estradiol(estrogen), cholesterol and cortisol

41
Q

Steroid rings have a _ structure

A

Fused 4 ring

42
Q

Waxes are long _ chains with many different _

A

alkyl, functional groups

43
Q

The basic unit of terpenes is

A

Isoprene

44
Q

Isoprene is a _ carbon molecule

A

5

45
Q

Number of isoprene uits in a terpene =

A

number of carbons in chain / 5

46
Q

Eicosanoid lipids function as

A

signalling molecules

47
Q

What are nucleosomes?

A

Groups of 8 histone proteins with DNA wrapped around twice

48
Q

What is the function of H1 histones

A

Links and stabilises nucleosomes, wraps them in to a spiral called a solenoid

49
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Chromatin that is transcriptionally inactive

50
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

Chromatin that is transcriptionally active

51
Q

Singer and Nicholson developed the _ model of membranes

A

Fluid mosaic

Biomolecules (12 decks)

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