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Biomolecules > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

A carbohydrate is made up of _

A

C, O and H, with H and O in a 2:1 ratio

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2
Q

What are the two simplest monosaccharides?

A

Glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

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3
Q

A monosaccharide is a carbohydrate with _

A

At least 3C, one in a double bond with oxygen, the others with hydroxyl groups

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4
Q

In aldose sugars, the oxygen group is attached to _

A

A terminal end of the carbon chain

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5
Q

In ketose sugars, the oxygen group is attached to _

A

A central carbon

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6
Q

What is the name of the C=O bond group that characterises aldose sugars?

A

formyl/aldehyde

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7
Q

What is the name of the C=O bond group that characterises ketose sugars?

A

ketone

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8
Q

Chemical properties of enantiomers are _

A

Similar/the same

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9
Q

Optical properties of enantiomers are_

A

Different

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10
Q

Dihydroxyacetone is a _ sugar

Glyceraldehyde is a _ Sugar

A

Ketotriose/Ketose

Aldotriose/Aldose

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11
Q

What is exceptional about dihydroxyacetone?

A

It has no chiral carbon atoms

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12
Q

All saccharides with 4 or more carbon atoms _

A

Have at least one chiral carbon

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13
Q

Aldotetrose sugars are diastereomers. What does this mean?

A

They have multiple chiral carbon atoms, and multiple pairs of enantiomers

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14
Q

Number of pairs of enantiomers differs between ketose and aldose sugars in what way?

A

Ketose sugars have one less chiral carbon than aldose at the same total number of carbons.

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15
Q

In a Fischer projection, vertical bonds represent

A

Bonds existing below the plane

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16
Q

In a Fischer projection, horizontal bonds represent

A

Bonds existing above the plane

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17
Q

What is the name given to cyclic forms of monosaccharides?

A

Furanose

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18
Q

What name is given to the cyclic form of aldohexose sugars

A

Pyranose

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19
Q

The alpha and beta forms of glucopyranose have different _

A

positioning of hydroxyl group on first carbon

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20
Q

Alpha and beta forms of furanoses are _

A

Anomers

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21
Q

A typical solution of d-glucose will contain which forms?

A

Both alpha and beta forms of glucopyranose in mixture. Some of the linear form in small amount

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22
Q

What name is given to the conversion between anomeric alpha and beta forms?

A

Mutarotation

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23
Q

What are steromers?

A

Isomers with same sequence of atoms, but with differing arrangement around one or more asymmetric centers

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24
Q

What are epimers?

A

Diastereomers that differ in structure only at one chiral centre

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25
Q

What two monomeric units compose sucrose (table sugar)?

A

Glucose and fructose

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26
Q

What two monomeric units compose lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose

27
Q

What monomeric units compose maltose?

A

Glucose and glucose

28
Q

What is the name given to the linkage between hydroxyl groups on units in disaccharides?

A

O-glycosidic

29
Q

Can a unit of a disaccharide convert between its alpha and beta form?

A

Sometimes, depending on particular arrangement

30
Q

Why are oligosaccharides significant?

A

They function as a side chain group for some proteins

31
Q

What is the name for the process of attaching glycans to protein side chain?

A

Glycosylation

32
Q

Where are glycans attached to proteins?

A

Golgi apparatus

33
Q

In what way might the units of glycans have been modified?

A

Some hydroxyl groups may have been replaced by other groups

34
Q

How do you get glucosamine?

A

Replace a hydroxyl group on glucose with an amino group

35
Q

Glycans linked on hydroxyl groups are said to be _

A

O-linked

36
Q

Glycans linked on amino groups are said to be _

A

N-linked

37
Q

Adding an acetyl group to glucosamine gives _

A

N-acetylglucosamine

38
Q

Which molecule is derived from the nine carbon ketose neuraminic acid

A

N-acetylneuraminic acid

39
Q

What is a homopolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide with only one kind of monomeric unit

40
Q

What is a heteropolysaccharide?

A

A polysaccharide with multiple kinds of monomeric units

41
Q

Which type of bonding links monosaccharide units in polysaccharides?

A

Glycosidic

42
Q

What units make up starch?

A

Exclusively d-glucose

43
Q

What are the two type of starch molecules?

A

Amylose, amylopectin

44
Q

Roughly what is the range of number of units composing starch molecules?

A

300-5000+

45
Q

Which specific bonds link glucose units in both amylose and amylopectin

A

alpha 1->4 glycosidic

46
Q

Which bonds are branch points of amylopectin?

A

1->6

47
Q

How frequently do branches occur in amylopectin?

A

Around every 24-30 units in each linear chain

48
Q

What is the structure that starches take?

A

Tightly packed in to spherical granules

49
Q

How does starch function as energy storage?

A

Glucose units can be cleaved off of ends and used in energy generating processes

50
Q

What is the non-reducing end of starch molecules?

A

The glucose units with a free hydroxyl group on carbon number 4

51
Q

What can a reducing agent do?

A

Donate electrons to other molecules

52
Q

for linear configurations, ketose sugars __ aldose sugars

A

exist in equilibrium with the equivalent

53
Q

Why are ketose sugars slightly reducing?

A

In solution there will be a small amount of equivalent aldose sugars

54
Q

Why is there not a greater amount of interconversion between aldose and ketose sugars in the body?

A

The process prefers a higher pH

55
Q

How does the structure of glycogen compare to the structure of amylopectin?

A

It is very similar, but it has more branching points

56
Q

Cellulose is a _ chain with _ linkages between _ units

A

linear
beta 1->4
glucose

57
Q

Why is cellulose able to give rigidity to structure?

A

The chains of molecules line up and participate in hydrogen bonding, forming closely associated networks

58
Q

What polysaccharide is a main component of bacterial cell walls?

A

Peptidoglycan

59
Q

Give an example of a heteropolysaccharide with its function

A

Hyaluronic acid - major component of extracellular matrix - vitreous humor - jelly stuff in the eyeball

60
Q

How are polysaccharides joined together in peptidoglycan?

A

By peptide bonds

61
Q

The group of molecules glycosaminoglycans are disaccharides of

A

N-acetyl and carboxylated units

62
Q

Lysozome, an enzyme in tears, saliva and mucus provides protection against bacteria by _

A

Breaking the beta 1->4 links between units of cell walls

63
Q

How does penicillin prevent bacterial growth?

A

It inhibits synthesis of peptidoglycan cell walls

Biomolecules (12 decks)

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