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Biomolecules > Lipids > Flashcards

Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Give 2 function of terpenes

A

Disease resistance, signalling

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2
Q

Why do most fatty acids have an even number of carbons?

A

Due to the mode of synthesis - putting together couples of carbons

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3
Q

There are rarely more than _double bonds in an unsaturated fat

A

4

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4
Q

Unsaturated fats usually have their double bonds on carbons _

A

9, 12, 15

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5
Q

Simple triacylglycerols have __ fatty acids

A

3 of the same units of

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6
Q

Which type of cells specialise in fat storage?

A

Adipocytes

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7
Q

White fat cells store _

A

A single droplet of fat and oil

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8
Q

Brown fat cells store _

A

Multiple membrane bound droplets of fat/oils

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9
Q

Which type of fat cell increases in number as a person gains weight?

A

White adipocytes

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10
Q

How do plants use triacylglycerols?

A

They are stored in seeds for use as an energy source after germination

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11
Q

Triacontanol is _

A

an example of an alcohol which reacts with fatty acids

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12
Q

The esterification between triacontanol and palmitic acid produces _

A

Beeswax

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13
Q

Compare melting point of waxes to triacylglycerol

A

Waxes have higher melting points

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14
Q

Alcohols that react with fatty acids tend to have _

A

Long R groups

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15
Q

How do you form a soap?

A

By heating triacyclglycerols with an alkali, like sodium hydroxide

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16
Q

What happens during saponification?

A

Ester linkages are broken between fatty acids and glycerol,

Fatty acids form salt with the cations of an alkali

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17
Q

What are micelles?

A

Aggregates of salt molecules, which form a spherical structure with hydrophilic carboxyl groups on the surface, and hydrocarbon chains embedded within

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18
Q

Glycerophospholipid structure:

A

Like a triacylglycerol, but one fatty avid is replaced with a hydrophilic group known as the ‘head’

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19
Q

What kind of bond links the ‘head’ to the rest of the molecule in glycerophospholipids?

A

Phosphodiester bond

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20
Q

A cerebroside is_

A

A sphingolipid with a simple sugar head group

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21
Q

A ganglioside is _

A

A sphingolipid with a complex sugar head group

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22
Q

The components of a sphingolipid are _

A

Sphingosine, with a hydrophilic group ‘head’ and a fatty acid chain on second carbon

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23
Q

What is the most diverse type of natural product?

A

Terpenes

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24
Q

What 2 factors give terpenes diversity

A

Varying lengths of chains, vast range of structural derivatives

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25
Q

Hemiterpenes have

A

one isoprene unit

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26
Q

Monoterpenes have

A

two isoprene units

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27
Q

the secreted resins of birch and spruce are largely composed of

A

diterpenes, with four isoprene units

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28
Q

Rubber is a _terpene with _ units

A

Poly

tens of thousands of isoprene

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29
Q

What process forms cross links between individual chains of rubber molecules. What does effect does it have on properties?

A

Vulcanization
Confers mechanical stability
Improves elasticity

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30
Q

What compounds are formed from the cyclization of squalene (a triterpene composed of 6 isoprene units)?

A

Sterols

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31
Q

The core structure of sterols is _

A

Four fused carbon rings, three with 6 carbons, and one with 5 carbons

32
Q

What is the plant equivalent of cholesterol?

A

Stigmasterol

33
Q

Bile acids like cholic acid, are sterols with _

A

Hydrophilic R groups

34
Q

Derivatives of cholic acid are synthesized in the liver and then secreted in to the small intestine where they _

A

Emulsify fats, aiding digestion

35
Q

Steroids are derivatives of

A

Sterols

36
Q

What is the difference between the core structure of steroid and sterols

A

Steroids may have a variety of functional groups at a site at which sterols only have a hydroxyl group

37
Q

What compounds are derived from arachidonic acid?

A

Eicosanoids

38
Q

give 2 procceses which eicosanoids are involved in

A

reproduction, pain response

39
Q

Paracetamol and aspirin function by

A

prevent formation of specific eicosanoids

40
Q

Why are eicosanoids not true hormones?

A

Because they stay within the tissues in which they are secreted

41
Q

Prostaglandins and thromboxanes are examples of _

A

Eicosanoids

42
Q

Which vitamin is esssential for the syntheiss of photoreceptors in the eye?

A

Vitamin A

43
Q

Which lipid vitamin is needed for correct functioning of blood clotting response?

A

Vitamin K

44
Q

Which lipid vitamin is involved in prevention of oxidative damage in cells

A

Vitamin E

45
Q

What determines the structre that an amphiphilic compounds will take in aqueous solution

A

The number of hydrophobic tails

46
Q

What 3 types of lipids are in biological membranes?

A

Glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols

47
Q

What property of membranes allows them to take different shapes?

A

Flexibility, can stretch 2-4% without breaking

48
Q

What are the restrictions on movement for a lipid within a memmbrane?

A

It cannot easily move across to the other side. It can readily move along its layer - fluid mosaic

49
Q

Lipids with longer hydrophobic tails form _ associations, and _ fluid membranes

A

closer

less

50
Q

Lipids with kinks from _ associations and _ fluid membranes

A

looser

more

51
Q

Membranes are more protein by _

A

Weight

52
Q

Membranes are more fat by _

A

Number of molecules

53
Q

Which membrane proteins can only be removed by disruption?

A

Integral membrane prot

54
Q

Which membrane proteins can be removed wtihout disruption?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

55
Q

How are integral membrane proteins removed experimentally?

A

Using detergent, which resembles and functions like soap, using micelles

56
Q

Give two types of transmembrane protein structures

A

Barrel-like structures made of beta sheets

Alpha-helical shapes spanning the membrane`

57
Q

The internal face of transmembrane proteins often forms attachments with

A

Peripheral membrane proteins

58
Q

What are lipid-linked proteins?

A

Peripheral membrane proteins which are linked to membrane lipids

59
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

Stable domains within which proteins can co-locate and function together

60
Q

What can be said about fluidity of areas which function as lipid-rafts?

A

They are usually less fluid due to tighter associations between hydrophobic tails

61
Q

Why are sterols common in lipid rafts?

A

They fit neatly between two glycerophospholipids

62
Q

Compounds that can’t cross the membrane still influence events within the cell through _

A

Signal transduction

63
Q

Give an example of signal transduction

A

Growth factors binding to proteins, inducing cell division

64
Q

Carbohydrates on surface of membrane are held in place by _

A

attachment to lipids and proteins

65
Q

Carbohydrate coating of cell membranes plays a role in

A

cell-cell recognition and provides protection

66
Q

What molecules are able to cross membranes freely?

A

Water, gases like oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide

Urea, ethanol (small molecules)

67
Q

How does the GLUT1 transporter function?

A

Glucose binds to extracellular surface, causing a conformational change which allows glucose to flow down its gradient within the channel of the protein

68
Q

What are the two sources of energy for transport

A

Hydrolysis of ATP

Coupling to the movmement of a molecule down its gradient

69
Q

Give an example of a symporter

A

Na+ glucose transporter

70
Q

what does the mammalian Na+ glucose transporter do?

A

It couples the diffusion of sodium ions in to intestinal cells from gut cells with the intake of glucose

71
Q

Give an example of an antiporter

A

Na+/Ca2+ exhange protein

72
Q

What does the sodium/calcium exchange protein do?

A

Uses the enerrgy from the diffusion of 3 sodium ions to power the export of a single calcium ion

73
Q

Give the two types of ATP dependent pumps

A

ABC (ATP-binding cassette)

P-type

74
Q

How do p-type transporters function?

A

The released phosphate group form ATP forms a transient attachment with the transport protein

75
Q

Na/K ATPase moves _ pottasium ions _ and __ sodium ions _ for 1ATP

A

2 in

3 out

Biomolecules (12 decks)

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