Other

Question 1

How do catalysts affect equilibriums?

Answer 1

Not directly, but by increasing the rate of approach towards it

Question 2

What limits increase of rate of reaction by enzymes?

Answer 2

Physical barriers
Diffusion (active site meeting substrate)
Dissociation (product leaving active site)

Question 3

What are the limits of enzyme specificity?

Answer 3

Enzymes are very specific under the physiological conditions in which they evolved
They are not very specific outside o

Question 4

How can enzymes expand the repertoire of reactions that they catalyse?

Answer 4

By using cofactors
converted from vitamins
or incorporation of metals

Question 5

What proportion of enzymes use metals as a cofactor?

Answer 5

1/3

Question 6

How can the energy barrier be decreased?

Answer 6

By stabilising the transition state

By destabilising the ground state

Question 7

Why can enzymes not bind subtrate too tightly?

Answer 7

This would stabilise the ground state, increasing the energy barrier

Question 8

How might enzymes use non covalent interactions?

Answer 8

To cause conformational changes/alignment in an orientation which stabilises the transition state

Question 9

One hydrogen bond at the transition state can cause a _ fold increase in rate

Answer 9

1000

Question 10

What are the three main mechanisms of catalysis used by enzymes?

Answer 10

binding energies
acid/base catalysis
covalent catalysis