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Surv 130 Exam > Week 5: Primary infrastructures, Earth is warming > Flashcards

Week 5: Primary infrastructures, Earth is warming Flashcards

1
Q

The 6 primary urban infrastructures

A
  1. Transport
  2. Buildings and green spaces
  3. Energy
  4. Water and green infrastructure
  5. Waste
  6. Communications
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2
Q

Key attributes of urban transport

A
  1. Tracks: physical support of transport modes (e.g roadways, railways, bike lanes, footpaths, canals)
  2. Terminals: transfers between modes (e.g bus hubs, train stations, ports, airports)
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3
Q

Key attributes of urban buildings and green infrastructure

A
  1. Green: parks, corridors, urban forests, bioswales, vegetalisation (green roofs, home gardens, parking strips)
  2. Buildings: private (housing), public, commercial, industrial
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4
Q

Green infrastructure integrates

A

Natural and built elements to reduce the environmental impact of infrastructures and the built environment. (may provide other benefits, such as health promotion)

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5
Q

Green spaces are

A

Vegetated areas of land or water within or adjoining built-up areas

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6
Q

Key attributes of urban energy: electricity + fuels

A
  1. Complex public and private system involving generation + transmission + distribution to consumers storage
  2. Local back-up systems and off-grid generation
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7
Q

Electricity generation and supply process

A
  1. Generation
  2. Transmission
  3. Distribution
  4. Retailers
  5. Customers
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8
Q

Electricty generation to consumer

A
  1. Remote power generation
  2. Distributed systems close to point of use
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9
Q

Distributed infrastructure is

A

Diverse (scales and energy sources)

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10
Q

Electricty generation excess needed to fuel

A

Local network

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11
Q

Local network systems categories

A
  1. Industrial
  2. Commercial
  3. Residential
  4. Vehicle charging
  5. Storage
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12
Q

Percentage of electricity generation that is renewable

A

87%

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13
Q

Percentage of total energy that is renewable

A

30%

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14
Q

Energy: fuel types

A
  1. Petrol (oil)
  2. Fossil gas
  3. Coal
  4. Biomass
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15
Q

Key attributes of urban water services: three waters

A
  1. Water supply (in)
  2. Wastewater (out)
  3. Stormwater (through)
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16
Q

Urban water services process

A
  1. Collection (lakes, rivers, streams, rainfall)
  2. Storage (reservoirs, dams, tanks)
  3. Treatment (treatment plants)
  4. Distribution (aqueducts, channels, tunnels, pumps, sumps, pipes,)
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17
Q

Difference between reticulation and reticulation system

A
  1. Reticulation: a net-like pattern
  2. Reticulation system: a piped network
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18
Q

Built environment water cycle

A
  1. Sea
  2. Precipitation and evaporation
  3. Stormwater
  4. Reservoirs and groundwater
  5. Raw to potable water treatment
  6. Household and industrial use
  7. Wastewater collection
  8. Wastewater treatement
  9. Repeat
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19
Q

Green infrastructure

A

Natural and planned vegetative systems

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20
Q

Blue-green infrastructure

A

Planned, interconnected networks including water bodies

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21
Q

Waste management of wastewater involves

A

Screening and seperation

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22
Q

Waste management of solids involves

A

Land fill, biodigestion, incineration

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23
Q

Waste water treatment causes

A

Outfall to environment

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24
Q

Categories of green infrastructure

A

Natural, enhanced, engineered and grey infrastructure

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25
Q

Examples of natural green infrastructure

A

Wetlands, forests, parks, meadows, lawns and gardens, soil

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26
Q

Examples of enhanced green infrastructure

A

Rain gardens, green roofs and walls, bioswales, urban trees, naturalized stormwater ponds

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27
Q

Examples of engineered green infrastructure

A

Permeable pavement, rain barrels, cisterns, perforated pipes, infiltration trenches

28
Q

Examples of grey infrastructure

A

Bridges, roads, parking lots, culverts, pipes

29
Q

Challenges to waste management

A
  1. Aging and failing infrastructure
  2. Many combined systems
  3. Contamination
  4. 67 different systems across NZ
  5. Approx 100 billion dollars pent over 30-40 years
30
Q

Waste water overflows

A
  1. Dry weather: due to blockages or mechanical failures
  2. Wet weather from wastewater or combined systems: controlled or uncontrolled
31
Q

Solid waste management procedure

A

Collection, recovery, sorting, transport, disposal (not all waste is collected)

32
Q

How much (trackable) material reached its end of life in NZ in 2020

A

12 million tonnes

33
Q

Waste strategy goal

A

“Reducing waste will help with our transition from a linear economy with its take, make, dispose, approach to a low emissions circular economy”

34
Q

A low emissions economy involves

A
  1. Keeping resources in use for as long as possible
  2. Extracting the maximum value from resources while in use
  3. Then recovering and regenerating them
35
Q

Interconnected systems are co-located

A
  1. Dependence
  2. Interdependence
36
Q

Dependences are

A

One infrastructure relies on the existence and attributes of another infrastructure (one-way)

37
Q

Interdependences are

A

Infrastructure systems that rely on each other to achieve performance objectives (two-way)

38
Q

6 categories of interdependencies

A
  1. Physical
  2. Cyber
  3. Spatial
  4. Logical
  5. Policy
  6. Societal
39
Q

Physical interdependencies involve

A

Material flows, engineering reliance, operations

40
Q

Cyber interdependencies involve

A

Information transfer, system control

41
Q

Spatial interdependencies involve

A

Local environment affects multiple infrastructures

42
Q

Logical interdependencies involve

A

Management, human decision making

43
Q

Policy interdependencies involve

A

Response to event in one infrastructure affects another

44
Q

Societal interdependencies involve

A

Event infrastructure affects public opinion, has cultural effects etc

45
Q

Infrastructure vulnerability: critically

A

Interdependencies and importance of dependent services

46
Q

Infrastructure vulnerability: exposure

A

Are key parts of the infrastructure in a hazard zone (flood, tsunami, earthquake)

47
Q

Infrastructure vulnerability: risk

A

Are key parts of the infrastructure likely to be damaged as a result of its exposure

48
Q

Infrastructure vulnerability: restoration

A

How much time is required, considering interdependencies with other infra-structures

49
Q

Infrastructure vulnerability: mitigation

A

What actions can be taken to mitigate vulnerability and minimise recovery times

50
Q

People have worked with ______ to shape ecosystems for millenia

A

Low-intensity fire

51
Q

Fire adapted regimes

A

Savanna, temperate forests, chapparal

52
Q

Positive feedback of high intensity fire driving regime change

A

Lower evapotranspiration

53
Q

Negative feedback of high intensity fire driving regime change

A

Higher albedo

54
Q

Landscape transformation due to changing climate

A
  1. Wildfire conditions
  2. Higher temperature, lower humidity, stronger wind, drought
  3. Climate model projections
  4. Future fire risk under different warming scenarios
55
Q

Pines being replaced by lost plants instead of native fauna because

A

Cost

56
Q

Earths surface recieves energy from

A

The sun, green house gases and clouds in the atmosphere

57
Q

Incoming solar radiation is

A

Transmitted and reflected

58
Q

Transmitted radiation is

A

Absorbed by earths surface, which is warmed and radiates heat (infrared radiation)

59
Q

Back radiation

A

Infrared radiation and radiate it back toward the surface and away to space (re-emission)

60
Q

Through back radiation, earths surface receives how much more energy from the atmosphere as directly coming from the sun

A

Nearly twice as much

61
Q

The global patterns of insolation

A

Warming of the surface, which warms the atmosphere, which sets the atmosphere and the ocean in motion, creating weather and climate

62
Q

Weather vs climate

A

Weather equals day-to-day conditions,
Climate equals average conditions on a larger scale

63
Q

What moves heat through the climate system

A

Motion of the atmosphere and ocean

64
Q

Resilience definition

A

The capacity of a system to recover or reconfigure when conditions change

65
Q

Coping range

A

The magnitude or rate of disturbance a system can tolerate without significant adverse impacts or the crossing of critical thresholds

Surv 130 Exam (11 decks)

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