Week 4: Land transformation II and Transport infrastructure

Question 1

Transformation of land in NZ can be described as

Answer 1

Recent and rapid change

Question 2

Land use proceedings

Answer 2

1. System (interacting or interdependent group of items that together form a unified whole)
2. Intensity (relative productivity of used area for food, resources, other social needs)
3. Procuring (harvesting without managing)
4. Producing (managing non-domesticated species and ecosystems to sustain harvests)
5. Pasture, crops, plantings, forestry (managing domesticated species and ecosystems to sustain harvests or maintain preferred landscape patterns)

Question 3

Cultural landscapes develop along pathways of changing land use regimes in specific

Answer 3

Social, economic and technological contexts

Question 4

6 Hunter-gatherer characteristics

Answer 4

1. Most diverse systems on earth
2. Diverse food sources
3. Tools and technologies (projectiles, traps, fire, collaborative hunting, dogs)
4. Settlements near productive areas
5. Cultural practices (burning, ecosystem modification, harvest storage, symbolic earthworks)
6. Woodland = open, Wild = cultured

Question 5

6 Horticultural characteristics

Answer 5

1. Mosaics of cropped and fallow
2. Cultivated gardens, plant domestication (annual crops, investment and planning)
3. Pastoralism (land clearing, animal domestication)
4. Major earth works (surveying)
5. Cultural practices (trade, specialisation, capital, property, boundary demarkation (surveying))
6. Woodland = open = cultivated, Wild = cultured = cropland

Question 6

6 Agrarian characteristics

Answer 6

1. Large scale soil improvement
2. Plant domestication and improvement (level plains, fertile soils)
3. Plows, animal traction, metallurgy
4. Infrastructure projects, irrigation, roads … public buildings
5. Cultural practices (taxation, capital, property, boundaries, specialization, colonialism, forced labor)
6. Woodland = open = cultivated = built, Wild = cultured = cropland = density

Question 7

6 Industrial Characteristics

Answer 7

1. Yield increasing technologies
2. Mechanisation, fossil fuels (developed marginal laws abandoned production shifts to less developed)
3. Commodities for urban populations
4. Globalised supply chains
5. Cultural practices (proliferation of built infrastructures, green infrastructures (plantings), recreation, conservation
6. Woodland = open - cultivated = built
   Wild - cultured = cropland = density

Question 8

The treaty of Waitangi characteristics

Answer 8

1. A governance system
2. Guarantee of land tenure system (maori authority over all land possesions unless chosen to sell to the crown only)
3. Everybody has the same rights and responsibilities under British law

Question 9

Primary issue between maori and british final agreement

Answer 9

Translation issues

Question 10

Final agreement on treaty of waitangi was made under

Answer 10

544 maori rangatira, Capt W Hobson (british consul)

Question 11

Land tenure

Answer 11

The relationship among people as individuals or groups, with respect to land and its resources, within a particular society

Question 12

Land tenure systems determine

Answer 12

Who has access to which resources, as well as how long and under what conditions that access is held

Question 13

Rules of land tenure define how

Answer 13

Access is granted to the rights to use, control and transfer land, together with associated responsibilities and restraints

Question 14

Tikanga maori system land tenure states

Answer 14

1. Land is communally held
2. Rights are of use and occupation
3. Whakapapa: kinship and ancestors
4. Complex, interwoven, interconnected system

Question 15

English system land tenure states

Answer 15

1. Land is held by individuals or crown
2. Titles derived from the crown
3. Use and occupation derive from title

Question 16

Land tenure after 1840 legal transformation

Answer 16

1. Maori version states maori have sovereignty over lands, resources and reserved places
2. English version states the crown understands itself to be the source of title for everything

Question 17

The language barriers and different versions resulted in

Answer 17

1. The meaning of land sale never being quite clear
2. Maori had rights under customary law but were required to argue it in court that it was not set up to work with Tikanga system
3. Agreements made during land sales were not honored and the court favored the crown and Maori interests and land were confiscated.

Question 18

After 1840, changes to land involved

Answer 18

1. Clearing and burning forests and grasslands and converted to rangeland
2. Drainage of wetlands, which housed many native species and provided much food

Question 19

Resource economy before 1840

Answer 19

1. Sealing, whaling, timber, flax, market gardening
2. Resources and people via sydney
3. Auckland merchants relied on maori economy

Question 20

Settler economy after 1840

Answer 20

1. Colonies trade primary produce for goods from the Metropole
2. Rapid expansion of pasture, from land and built environments

Question 21

2 export markets

Answer 21

1. Resource economy: Raw material and produce exported via sydney
2. Settler economy: Raw materials, meat, dairy to britain

Question 22

Today goods are about ____ of NZs exports, a 1/3 increase since 1920

Answer 22

2/3

Question 23

1800s drainage and reclamation produced a land surface just above

Answer 23

The local water table height

Question 24

1970s reclamation was even

Answer 24

Higher

Question 25

2 types of infrastructure systems

Answer 25

Primary and Secondary infrastructure

Question 26

Primary infrastructure involves

Answer 26

Transport, energy, water services, waste, housing, telecoms, green/blue space as well as performance objectives

Question 27

Primary infrastructure performance objectives are

Answer 27

Sustainability, resilience, efficiency

Question 28

Secondary infrastructure involves

Answer 28

Health care, education, nutrition, culture, welfare, wellbeing, security as well as outcome objectives

Question 29

Secondary infrastructure performance objectives are

Answer 29

Quality of life, attractiveness, competitiveness

Question 30

“______ is a critical ingredient in the social and economic wellbeing of NZers by enabling the movement of people and goods”

Answer 30

Transport

Question 31

From an economic perspective, transport infrastructure improves

Answer 31

Market access and productivity

Question 32

Market access and productivity involves

Answer 32

1. Enabling economic activity and regional development
2. Creates economic activity through access, connections and efficiency
3. Is itself an economic activity

Question 33

From a social perspective transport systems respond to societys needs by

Answer 33

Providing people with access to jobs, education, healthcare, resources, shops, cultural activities, and other social and leisure activities

Question 34

Transport systems also contribute to social harms such as

Answer 34

Noise, carbon emissions, local air pollution and crashes

Question 35

Who sets GPS on land transport

Answer 35

Central government (but it does not tell regional or local authorities how to achieve them - mostly)

Question 36

Strategic properties in GPS systems

Answer 36

1. Economic growth and productivity
2. Increased maintenance and resilience
3. Safety
4. Value for money

Question 37

How do transport and land use systems feedback each other

Answer 37

1. The land use system determines where activities take place and thus where trips that connect these activities begin and end
2. The transport system, in turn, accommodates the trips and determines how easily locations can be reached
3. This makes certain areas more attractive than others and influences land use development in these areas

Question 38

Network definition

Answer 38

Two or more nodes linked in order to share resources

Question 39

Resilience definition

Answer 39

Ability to recover or reconfigure when conditions change

Question 40

A net work with more duplication costs more to build but

Answer 40

Is more resilient than a system with less duplication

Question 41

The goal of a transport network is to

Answer 41

Connect as many locations as possible, within cost and development constraints

Question 42

The economic value of a network goes with the number of

Answer 42

Nodes

Question 43

Economic devleopment is often associated with

Answer 43

Network complexity

Question 44

The efficiency of a network is related to its ability to

Answer 44

Support flows while meeting variuos performance criteria

Question 45

Advantages of cul-de-sac development

Answer 45

1. Accommodate more houses
2. Require up to 50% less road
3. Fewer pipes, streetlights and footpaths than grids

Question 46

Transport networks should

Answer 46

1. Serve both economic and social purposes 2. Represent a balance between cost of development and cost of use
2. Develop within a changing technological, social and ecological context

Question 47

Feedback in a transport network sense

Answer 47

A change in one part of a system creates a response in the system that acts to alter the original casual process (either amplifying or reducing the original cause of change)