Week 4: Land transformation II and Transport infrastructure Flashcards
Transformation of land in NZ can be described as
Recent and rapid change
Land use proceedings
- System (interacting or interdependent group of items that together form a unified whole)
- Intensity (relative productivity of used area for food, resources, other social needs)
- Procuring (harvesting without managing)
- Producing (managing non-domesticated species and ecosystems to sustain harvests)
- Pasture, crops, plantings, forestry (managing domesticated species and ecosystems to sustain harvests or maintain preferred landscape patterns)
Cultural landscapes develop along pathways of changing land use regimes in specific
Social, economic and technological contexts
6 Hunter-gatherer characteristics
- Most diverse systems on earth
- Diverse food sources
- Tools and technologies (projectiles, traps, fire, collaborative hunting, dogs)
- Settlements near productive areas
- Cultural practices (burning, ecosystem modification, harvest storage, symbolic earthworks)
- Woodland = open, Wild = cultured
6 Horticultural characteristics
- Mosaics of cropped and fallow
- Cultivated gardens, plant domestication (annual crops, investment and planning)
- Pastoralism (land clearing, animal domestication)
- Major earth works (surveying)
- Cultural practices (trade, specialisation, capital, property, boundary demarkation (surveying))
- Woodland = open = cultivated, Wild = cultured = cropland
6 Agrarian characteristics
- Large scale soil improvement
- Plant domestication and improvement (level plains, fertile soils)
- Plows, animal traction, metallurgy
- Infrastructure projects, irrigation, roads … public buildings
- Cultural practices (taxation, capital, property, boundaries, specialization, colonialism, forced labor)
- Woodland = open = cultivated = built, Wild = cultured = cropland = density
6 Industrial Characteristics
- Yield increasing technologies
- Mechanisation, fossil fuels (developed marginal laws abandoned production shifts to less developed)
- Commodities for urban populations
- Globalised supply chains
- Cultural practices (proliferation of built infrastructures, green infrastructures (plantings), recreation, conservation
- Woodland = open - cultivated = built
Wild - cultured = cropland = density
The treaty of Waitangi characteristics
- A governance system
- Guarantee of land tenure system (maori authority over all land possesions unless chosen to sell to the crown only)
- Everybody has the same rights and responsibilities under British law
Primary issue between maori and british final agreement
Translation issues
Final agreement on treaty of waitangi was made under
544 maori rangatira, Capt W Hobson (british consul)
Land tenure
The relationship among people as individuals or groups, with respect to land and its resources, within a particular society
Land tenure systems determine
Who has access to which resources, as well as how long and under what conditions that access is held
Rules of land tenure define how
Access is granted to the rights to use, control and transfer land, together with associated responsibilities and restraints
Tikanga maori system land tenure states
- Land is communally held
- Rights are of use and occupation
- Whakapapa: kinship and ancestors
- Complex, interwoven, interconnected system
English system land tenure states
- Land is held by individuals or crown
- Titles derived from the crown
- Use and occupation derive from title
Land tenure after 1840 legal transformation
- Maori version states maori have sovereignty over lands, resources and reserved places
- English version states the crown understands itself to be the source of title for everything
The language barriers and different versions resulted in
- The meaning of land sale never being quite clear
- Maori had rights under customary law but were required to argue it in court that it was not set up to work with Tikanga system
- Agreements made during land sales were not honored and the court favored the crown and Maori interests and land were confiscated.
After 1840, changes to land involved
- Clearing and burning forests and grasslands and converted to rangeland
- Drainage of wetlands, which housed many native species and provided much food
Resource economy before 1840
- Sealing, whaling, timber, flax, market gardening
- Resources and people via sydney
- Auckland merchants relied on maori economy
Settler economy after 1840
- Colonies trade primary produce for goods from the Metropole
- Rapid expansion of pasture, from land and built environments
2 export markets
- Resource economy: Raw material and produce exported via sydney
- Settler economy: Raw materials, meat, dairy to britain
Today goods are about ____ of NZs exports, a 1/3 increase since 1920
2/3
1800s drainage and reclamation produced a land surface just above
The local water table height
1970s reclamation was even
Higher
2 types of infrastructure systems
Primary and Secondary infrastructure
Primary infrastructure involves
Transport, energy, water services, waste, housing, telecoms, green/blue space as well as performance objectives
Primary infrastructure performance objectives are
Sustainability, resilience, efficiency
Secondary infrastructure involves
Health care, education, nutrition, culture, welfare, wellbeing, security as well as outcome objectives
Secondary infrastructure performance objectives are
Quality of life, attractiveness, competitiveness
“______ is a critical ingredient in the social and economic wellbeing of NZers by enabling the movement of people and goods”
Transport
From an economic perspective, transport infrastructure improves
Market access and productivity
Market access and productivity involves
- Enabling economic activity and regional development
- Creates economic activity through access, connections and efficiency
- Is itself an economic activity
From a social perspective transport systems respond to societys needs by
Providing people with access to jobs, education, healthcare, resources, shops, cultural activities, and other social and leisure activities
Transport systems also contribute to social harms such as
Noise, carbon emissions, local air pollution and crashes
Who sets GPS on land transport
Central government (but it does not tell regional or local authorities how to achieve them - mostly)
Strategic properties in GPS systems
- Economic growth and productivity
- Increased maintenance and resilience
- Safety
- Value for money
How do transport and land use systems feedback each other
- The land use system determines where activities take place and thus where trips that connect these activities begin and end
- The transport system, in turn, accommodates the trips and determines how easily locations can be reached
- This makes certain areas more attractive than others and influences land use development in these areas
Network definition
Two or more nodes linked in order to share resources
Resilience definition
Ability to recover or reconfigure when conditions change
A net work with more duplication costs more to build but
Is more resilient than a system with less duplication
The goal of a transport network is to
Connect as many locations as possible, within cost and development constraints
The economic value of a network goes with the number of
Nodes
Economic devleopment is often associated with
Network complexity
The efficiency of a network is related to its ability to
Support flows while meeting variuos performance criteria
Advantages of cul-de-sac development
- Accommodate more houses
- Require up to 50% less road
- Fewer pipes, streetlights and footpaths than grids
Transport networks should
- Serve both economic and social purposes 2. Represent a balance between cost of development and cost of use
- Develop within a changing technological, social and ecological context
Feedback in a transport network sense
A change in one part of a system creates a response in the system that acts to alter the original casual process (either amplifying or reducing the original cause of change)
