week 5: Nutrition, Digestion

Question 1

what are essential nutrients

Answer 1

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

Question 2

what are the four classes of essential nutrients

Answer 2

essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals

Question 3

what are two essential fatty acids?

Answer 3

linoleic acid
linolenic acid

both are polyunsaturated.

Question 4

what 3 foods provide all the essential amino acids

Answer 4

meat, eggs and cheese

Question 5

what is complete protein

Answer 5

contains all the essential amino acids in amounts that are required to prevent deficiency

Question 6

what is an incomplete protein

Answer 6

too low in one or more essential amino acid to support human growth and maintenance.

Question 7

what is a complementary protein

Answer 7

combinations of incomplete proteins

or

a combination of a complete protein and an incomplete protein.

Question 8

what are essential fatty acids used for?

Answer 8

components of cell membranes

required for growth, reproduction, good skin integrity and wound healing

Question 9

what is an eicosanoid

Answer 9

eicosanoids are elongated highly unsaturated fatty acids.

Question 10

how many vitamins are essential for humans

Answer 10

13

Question 11

what are the two vitamin groups

Answer 11

fat soluble A, D, E, K

water soluble C, B

Question 12

what vitamins are absorbed into the lymph system

Answer 12

fat soluble

Question 13

what vitamin group shows deficiency symptoms slower

Answer 13

fat soluble

Question 14

what vitamins are absorbed into the blood stream directly

Answer 14

water soluble

Question 15

what vitamins are excreted in urine and its deficiency symptoms are displayed quickly

Answer 15

water soluble

Question 16

what 3 compounds are part of vitamin A

Answer 16

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid.

Question 17

what are 5 benefits of mineral: calcium

Answer 17

-bone development and maintenance
-blood clotting
-transmission of action potentials at axon terminals
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism

Question 18

what are some implications of calcium deficiency

Answer 18

The most dramatic symptoms are stunted growth, poor quality of bones and teeth and malformation of bones
* Hypocalcaemia
* Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
* Tetany (muscle spasms)
* kidney stones
* Osteoporosis

Question 19

what are some implications of iron deficiency

Answer 19

impairs red cell production

Question 20

what disease causes an inappropriate immune response to gluten

Answer 20

celiac disease

Question 21

how is celiac disease regulated

Answer 21

gluten free diet

Question 22

what is nutrigenomics

Answer 22

the application of genomics in nutrition research. the way that food can influence gene expression.

Question 23

what is nutrigenetics

Answer 23

study of individual genetic differences influencing response to diet.

Question 24

what is an example of mechanical digestion

Answer 24

chewing, increases the surface area of the food

Question 25

what is chemical digestion

Answer 25

splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes

Question 26

what part of the GI tract does the absorption of nutrients occur

Answer 26

the small intestine

Question 27

what is the piece of tissue between the the stomach and the small intestine called

Answer 27

pyloric sphincter

Question 28

what is chyme

Answer 28

mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions.

Question 29

what is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal

Answer 29

the small intestine

Question 30

where is bile made? and where is it stored?

Answer 30

the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Question 31

what is bile used for

Answer 31

aids in digestion and absorption of fats.

Question 32

what are the primary functions of the large intestine

Answer 32

-to absorb remaining water
-to compact undigested material

Question 33

what hormone stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid

Answer 33

gastrin hormone

Question 34

what does the gastrin hormone do

Answer 34

stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid

Question 35

where is energy stored first in humans?

Answer 35

in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen.

Question 36

where is excess energy stored

Answer 36

stored as fat in adipose cells.

Question 37

what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose

Answer 37

insulin and glucagon

Question 38

which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas

Answer 38

type 1 diabetes

Question 39

which type of diabetes is characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin

Answer 39

type 2 diabetes