week 5: Nutrition, Digestion Flashcards
what are essential nutrients
materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules
what are the four classes of essential nutrients
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals
what are two essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
both are polyunsaturated.
what 3 foods provide all the essential amino acids
meat, eggs and cheese
what is complete protein
contains all the essential amino acids in amounts that are required to prevent deficiency
what is an incomplete protein
too low in one or more essential amino acid to support human growth and maintenance.
what is a complementary protein
combinations of incomplete proteins
or
a combination of a complete protein and an incomplete protein.
what are essential fatty acids used for?
components of cell membranes
required for growth, reproduction, good skin integrity and wound healing
what is an eicosanoid
eicosanoids are elongated highly unsaturated fatty acids.
how many vitamins are essential for humans
13
what are the two vitamin groups
fat soluble A, D, E, K
water soluble C, B
what vitamins are absorbed into the lymph system
fat soluble
what vitamin group shows deficiency symptoms slower
fat soluble
what vitamins are absorbed into the blood stream directly
water soluble
what vitamins are excreted in urine and its deficiency symptoms are displayed quickly
water soluble
what 3 compounds are part of vitamin A
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid.
what are 5 benefits of mineral: calcium
-bone development and maintenance
-blood clotting
-transmission of action potentials at axon terminals
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism
what are some implications of calcium deficiency
The most dramatic symptoms are stunted growth, poor quality of bones and teeth and malformation of bones
* Hypocalcaemia
* Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
* Tetany (muscle spasms)
* kidney stones
* Osteoporosis
what are some implications of iron deficiency
impairs red cell production
what disease causes an inappropriate immune response to gluten
celiac disease
how is celiac disease regulated
gluten free diet
what is nutrigenomics
the application of genomics in nutrition research. the way that food can influence gene expression.
what is nutrigenetics
study of individual genetic differences influencing response to diet.
what is an example of mechanical digestion
chewing, increases the surface area of the food