week 5: Nutrition, Digestion Flashcards

1
Q

what are essential nutrients

A

materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules

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2
Q

what are the four classes of essential nutrients

A

essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals

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3
Q

what are two essential fatty acids?

A

linoleic acid
linolenic acid

both are polyunsaturated.

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4
Q

what 3 foods provide all the essential amino acids

A

meat, eggs and cheese

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5
Q

what is complete protein

A

contains all the essential amino acids in amounts that are required to prevent deficiency

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6
Q

what is an incomplete protein

A

too low in one or more essential amino acid to support human growth and maintenance.

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7
Q

what is a complementary protein

A

combinations of incomplete proteins

or

a combination of a complete protein and an incomplete protein.

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8
Q

what are essential fatty acids used for?

A

components of cell membranes

required for growth, reproduction, good skin integrity and wound healing

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9
Q

what is an eicosanoid

A

eicosanoids are elongated highly unsaturated fatty acids.

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10
Q

how many vitamins are essential for humans

A

13

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11
Q

what are the two vitamin groups

A

fat soluble A, D, E, K

water soluble C, B

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12
Q

what vitamins are absorbed into the lymph system

A

fat soluble

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13
Q

what vitamin group shows deficiency symptoms slower

A

fat soluble

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14
Q

what vitamins are absorbed into the blood stream directly

A

water soluble

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15
Q

what vitamins are excreted in urine and its deficiency symptoms are displayed quickly

A

water soluble

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16
Q

what 3 compounds are part of vitamin A

A

Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid.

17
Q

what are 5 benefits of mineral: calcium

A

-bone development and maintenance
-blood clotting
-transmission of action potentials at axon terminals
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism

18
Q

what are some implications of calcium deficiency

A

The most dramatic symptoms are stunted growth, poor quality of bones and teeth and malformation of bones
* Hypocalcaemia
* Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
* Tetany (muscle spasms)
* kidney stones
* Osteoporosis

19
Q

what are some implications of iron deficiency

A

impairs red cell production

20
Q

what disease causes an inappropriate immune response to gluten

A

celiac disease

21
Q

how is celiac disease regulated

A

gluten free diet

22
Q

what is nutrigenomics

A

the application of genomics in nutrition research. the way that food can influence gene expression.

23
Q

what is nutrigenetics

A

study of individual genetic differences influencing response to diet.

24
Q

what is an example of mechanical digestion

A

chewing, increases the surface area of the food

25
what is chemical digestion
splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
26
what part of the GI tract does the absorption of nutrients occur
the small intestine
27
what is the piece of tissue between the the stomach and the small intestine called
pyloric sphincter
28
what is chyme
mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions.
29
what is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal
the small intestine
30
where is bile made? and where is it stored?
the liver and stored in the gallbladder
31
what is bile used for
aids in digestion and absorption of fats.
32
what are the primary functions of the large intestine
-to absorb remaining water -to compact undigested material
33
what hormone stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
gastrin hormone
34
what does the gastrin hormone do
stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
35
where is energy stored first in humans?
in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen.
36
where is excess energy stored
stored as fat in adipose cells.
37
what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
insulin and glucagon
38
which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas
type 1 diabetes
39
which type of diabetes is characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
type 2 diabetes