week 5: Nutrition, Digestion Flashcards
what are essential nutrients
materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules
what are the four classes of essential nutrients
essential amino acids
essential fatty acids
vitamins
minerals
what are two essential fatty acids?
linoleic acid
linolenic acid
both are polyunsaturated.
what 3 foods provide all the essential amino acids
meat, eggs and cheese
what is complete protein
contains all the essential amino acids in amounts that are required to prevent deficiency
what is an incomplete protein
too low in one or more essential amino acid to support human growth and maintenance.
what is a complementary protein
combinations of incomplete proteins
or
a combination of a complete protein and an incomplete protein.
what are essential fatty acids used for?
components of cell membranes
required for growth, reproduction, good skin integrity and wound healing
what is an eicosanoid
eicosanoids are elongated highly unsaturated fatty acids.
how many vitamins are essential for humans
13
what are the two vitamin groups
fat soluble A, D, E, K
water soluble C, B
what vitamins are absorbed into the lymph system
fat soluble
what vitamin group shows deficiency symptoms slower
fat soluble
what vitamins are absorbed into the blood stream directly
water soluble
what vitamins are excreted in urine and its deficiency symptoms are displayed quickly
water soluble
what 3 compounds are part of vitamin A
Retinol, Retinal, Retinoic acid.
what are 5 benefits of mineral: calcium
-bone development and maintenance
-blood clotting
-transmission of action potentials at axon terminals
-muscle contraction
-cell metabolism
what are some implications of calcium deficiency
The most dramatic symptoms are stunted growth, poor quality of bones and teeth and malformation of bones
* Hypocalcaemia
* Osteomalacia (softening of bone)
* Tetany (muscle spasms)
* kidney stones
* Osteoporosis
what are some implications of iron deficiency
impairs red cell production
what disease causes an inappropriate immune response to gluten
celiac disease
how is celiac disease regulated
gluten free diet
what is nutrigenomics
the application of genomics in nutrition research. the way that food can influence gene expression.
what is nutrigenetics
study of individual genetic differences influencing response to diet.
what is an example of mechanical digestion
chewing, increases the surface area of the food
what is chemical digestion
splits food into small molecules that can pass through membranes
what part of the GI tract does the absorption of nutrients occur
the small intestine
what is the piece of tissue between the the stomach and the small intestine called
pyloric sphincter
what is chyme
mixture of partially digested food and gastric secretions.
what is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal
the small intestine
where is bile made? and where is it stored?
the liver and stored in the gallbladder
what is bile used for
aids in digestion and absorption of fats.
what are the primary functions of the large intestine
-to absorb remaining water
-to compact undigested material
what hormone stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
gastrin hormone
what does the gastrin hormone do
stimulates the release of pepsinogen and hydrochloric acid
where is energy stored first in humans?
in the liver and muscle cells in the polymer glycogen.
where is excess energy stored
stored as fat in adipose cells.
what hormones regulate the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
insulin and glucagon
which type of diabetes is an autoimmune disorder in which the immune system destroys the beta cells of the pancreas
type 1 diabetes
which type of diabetes is characterized by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin
type 2 diabetes
