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Biology > week 3: Infectious Diseases, Viruses > Flashcards

week 3: Infectious Diseases, Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two major types of infectious diseases?

A

Bacteria and Viruses

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2
Q

what are the seven routes of transmission?

A
  1. direct contact - touching, kissing, sexual relations
  2. Indirect contact - touching an object that an infected person has been touching.
  3. airborne contact - breathing in air that carries a pathogen.
  4. Food-borne infection - eating something that is contaminated by microorganisms.
  5. Animal borne pathogens - animals spreading through bites, feces
  6. water borne diseases - coming into contact with contaminated water
  7. perinatally - mothers can pass a disease to the child
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3
Q

what are 4 UNCONTROLABLE risk factors when it comes to infectious diseases?

A

Heredity
Aging
Environmental Conditions
Organism Resistance

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4
Q

what are 7 CONTROLABLE risk factors when it comes to infectious diseases?

A

stress
nutrition
physical fitness level
sleep
drug use
hygiene
high-risk behavior

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5
Q

describe endemic

A

the constant presence of a disease in a given geographic area

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6
Q

what is a hyperendemic

A

the disease is highly prevalent and effect all age groups equally.

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7
Q

describe holoendemic

A

a high level of infection beginning early in life and affecting mostly children.

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8
Q

is bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic

A

bacteria is a prokaryotic organism, lacing a nucleus.

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9
Q

an important feature of bacteria is the cell wall. what does the cell wall contain

A

peptidoglycan

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10
Q

gram stain is used to classify bacteria cell wall composition. what it:

gram-positive

gram-negative

A

gram-positive bacteria have simpler walls and contain a large amount of peptidoglycan

gram-negative bacteria have less peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can be toxic

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10
Q

give an example of a bacterial disease

A

tuberculosis

cholera

salmonella

plague

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11
Q

what are the two ways a bacteria will produce a disease in humans

A
  1. it will break down cells for food
  2. release toxins that interfere with normal activity
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12
Q

describe exotoxins
(3 points)

A
  • soluble in body fluids
  • mainly produced by gram-positive bacteria
  • plasmids or phages carry most of the genes for toxins
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13
Q

name two types of exotoxins

A

neurotoxin - targets nervous system

enterotoxin - targets cells lining gastrointestinal tract

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14
Q

describe cholera
cause and symptoms

A

caused by the gram-negative bacteria VIBRIO CHOLERA enterotoxin

intestinal infection

symptoms of severe diarrhoea

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15
Q

what is a staphylococcal infection?

A

bacteria that are usually always on our skin but cause an infection if it enters a cut or break in the skin

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16
Q

give two examples of staphylococcal infections

A

scarlet fever
strep throat
pneumonia

17
Q

what bacterial organism causes tuberculosis and what are the symptoms?

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

symptoms include fever, chills, fatigue and malaise, weight loss, and persistent cough

18
Q

describe endotoxins

A

part of outer membrane surrounding gram-negative bacteria. the effect is exerted when the bacteria dies and the cell walls undergo lysis and release the toxin.

19
Q

what are the symptoms of an endotoxins

A

chills, fever, weakness, general aches, blood clotting, tissue death, shock and death.

20
Q

what measures have been used to reduce the incidence of bacterial infections

A

improvements in public health
-better water supply
-sanitation
-food quality

vaccinations

treatments using antibiotics and anti-viral drugs

21
Q

what is a virus?

A

viruses are submicroscopic infectious agents that replicate only inside the living cells of other organisms

22
Q

what is composed of theses two principle parts:

the genome that is made of nucleic acid and a protective shell that is made of protein (capsid)

A

virus

23
Q

what are 3 structural characteristics of a virus

A
  1. 10 to 300 nm in diameter
  2. nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid
  3. many animal viruses are surrounded by a membranous envelope.
24
Q

what are 4 things a viral genome might encode for

A
  • Replicases
  • Coat proteins
  • Movement proteins
  • Attachment proteins
25
Q

what is capsid made of

A

protein subunits called capsomeres

26
Q

what is a viral envelope?

A

derived from membranes of host cells. Viral glycoproteins on the envelope bind to specific receptor molecules on the surface of a host cell.

27
Q

how does a virus recognize a cell it can infect

A

it matches its surface marker with a receptor site on a cell

28
Q

what is a bacteriophage or phages

A

bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

29
Q

how does a phage infect a host cell

A

a protein tail piece attaches the phage to the host cell and injects the phage DNA inside.

30
Q

what are the two reproductive mechanisms used by phages

A

lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle.

31
Q

describe the lytic reproductive cycle used by phages (4 points)

A

cycle results in death of the host cell. produces more phages and breaks open the cell wall, releasing the progeny viruses. a virulent phage is one that only uses the lytic cycle. bacteria defend using restriction enzymes that cut up the phage.

32
Q

describe the lysogenic reproductive cycle used by phages (4 points)

A

replicates the phage genome without destroying the host cell. the viral DNA is incorporated into the host cell’s chromosomes. the integrated viral DNA is knows as a prophage. the phage DNA is copied and passed on to all the daughter cells when the cell divides.

33
Q

explain norovirus (3 points)

A
  1. a diverse group of viruses in the group caliciviridae.
  2. causes inflammation of the stomach and intestines causing diarrhoea and vomiting.
  3. it only takes a small amount to particles to infect someone.
34
Q

describe coronavirus

A
  1. family of enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses
  2. one of the largest RNA
  3. acts like mRNA and can be transcribed by the hosts ribosomes. this is due to the 5’ and 3’ ends.
35
Q

which virus attacks the cells in the body designed to protect us from infection (immune system cells)

A

HIV

36
Q

what cells specifically does HIV infect

A

infects white blood cells carrying the CD4 cell surface protein.

37
Q

what is the effect of genetic variation

A

give rise to new strains which increases virulence

renders vaccines ineffective

38
Q

name 2 processes of genetic variation

A
  1. mutation
  2. Recombination - viruses exchange segments of the genome.
39
Q

what is a prion?

A

are slow-acting, virtually indestructible infectious proteins that cause brain diseases in mammals.

Biology (10 decks)

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