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Neuroscience > Week 5: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Week 5: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

A

Forebrain:
- Cerebrum (&cerebral cortex layer)
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

Midbrain

Hindbrain:
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum

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2
Q

Telencephalon structures (3)

A
  • cerebrum (and the outline is the cortex, so the cerebrum on the inside is the subcortex)
  • Limbic system
  • Basal Ganglia

(part of the forebrain, divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres, working contralaterally)

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3
Q

Telencephalon: cerebral cortex

A

thin outer layer of neural tissue (cerebrum), responsible for many “higher-order” functions

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4
Q

Telencephalon: Limbic system

A

interconnected nuclei & cortical structures located in telencephalon & diencephalon important for olfaction (smell), emotions, learning & memory

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5
Q

Telencephalon: Basal ganglia

A

Group of nuclei located beneath cortical surface vital for movement (e.g. coordination & fine movement)

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5
Q

The cerebral cortex structure (3 prominent features)

A

(Cortex surface enlarged (x3) by folding)

  • central sulcus (see image)
  • Longitudional fissure (between left & right hemisphere)
  • Lateral fissure (between frontal & temporal lobe)
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6
Q

Gyrus: meaning

A

bulges

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7
Q

Sulcus: meaning

A

small grooves

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8
Q

Fissure: meaning

A

large groove

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9
Q

Grey matter

A

Outer layer composed of:

  • cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • glia
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10
Q

White matter

A

Inner layer composed of:

  • myelinated axons

(white due to the colour of myelination)

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11
Q

Rostral

A

front (nasal side)

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12
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom of brain

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Back of head/ brain

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of head/ brain

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15
Q

Corpus collosum

A

communication between left and right hemisphere

  • (studies suggest babies that crawl more have larger corpus collosum) - Coordination of left-right movement?
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16
Q

Cerebral cortex: Lobes

A

4 lobes in each hemisphere (2 hemispheres, 8 lobes)

FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

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17
Q

Frontal lobe

A

anterior part of cortex, rostral (front) to parietal lobe & dorsal (top) to temporal lobe

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Caudal to frontal lobe & dorsal to temporal lobe

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

caudal to parietal & temporal lobes

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20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

rostral to occipital lobe & ventral to parietal & frontal lobes

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex: Location & function

A

Most rostral region of cortex

  • executive function (schizophrenia & depression)
  • personality, planning, impulse control, & mood (addiction)

▪ Main site of action for dopamine regulating attention, impulse inhibition, memory, cognitive flexibility, motivation, self-control, reward management, personality…

▪ Language production (Broca’s area)

(language understanding is temporal lobe - Wernicke’s area)

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22
Q

3 primary sensory cortices

A

▪ Primary visual cortex

▪ Primary auditory cortex

▪ Primary somatosensory cortex

(Predominantly processed contralaterally)

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23
Q

Location of the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

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24
Location of the auditory cortex?
Temporal lobe (responsible for language comprehension)
25
Location of the somatosensory cortex?
Parietal lobe
26
Location of the motor cortex?
frontal lobe (specifically the central sulcus)
27
Functions of the cerebral cortex: Motor cortex
- controls VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS of skeletal muscle - Located in front of central sulcus (frontal lobe) Connections are contralteral
28
Association cortices: role
Receive info from relevant primary cortices SENSORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX: - perception & memories - (located behind central sulcus) MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTEX: - directly controls primary motor cortex (PMC) and thus behaviour - aka the premotor cortex - (Located infront of the PMC)
29
Role of parietal lobe:
Perception of awareness and space somatasensory cortex that integrates all the sensory systems
30
Role of temporal lobe:
Recognition, identification and awareness Auditory cortex Language comprehension
31
Occipital lobe role:
Processing of visual information from the retina Visual cortex
32
Lateralisation
Lateralised: some functions are primarily on one hemisphere/ side of the brain Left hemisphere: Info analysis, recognising serial events, controlling sequences of beh, right side vision & motor skills Right hemisphere: synthesis, non-verbal, imagination, left field vision & motor skills (Myth that people are 'left or right brained' - too much interconnection)
33
Corpus collosum
Large bundle of axons Interconnects corresponding regions of cortex on each hemisphere (e.g. split brain surgery)
34
Split brain surgery
Corpus collosum cut Performed on an epileptic patient - seizures stopped) Speech: left-hemisphere - only left couold communicate its actions/ thoughts Olfactory information is an exception to contralateral representation of sensory information
35
Limbic system
Cortical & subcortical structures concerned with emotions: - amygdala - hippocampus - cingulate gyrus (also includes mammilary bodies and fornix)
36
Limbic system: Hippocampus: Location
Forebrain structure, of temporal lobe. (Telencephalon) (looks like a seahorse)
37
Hippocampus: Functions
- learning & memory (including limbic cortex) - storing & retrieving explicit memories
38
Patient H.M: what happens when the hippocampus is removed?
H.M.'s condition: - cracked his skull young - seizures - removed hippocampus Effects: - IQ improved - no more seizures - forgetting (e.g. eating multiple meals in a row) Conclusions: - could not form new memories - could retain info long enough to finish sentence & use bathroom (could remember up to 15 mins, but 5 after this forgot about the test) - Procedural memory could still develop (even if didn't remember doing it) (Procedural memory relies more on basal ganglia & cerebellum)
39
Limbic system: Amygdala: Location
In the interior of rostral temporal lobe
40
Amygdala: Function
* Amygdala & regions of limbic cortex involved in multiple aspects of emotions * Vital for decoding emotion, particularly to threatening stimuli (e.g. fight/ flight, stress) - fear, fear learning, aggression & stress Activation of stress response: - Adrenaline - AcTH -> Cortisol
41
The amygdala & hippocampus work together: effects?
▪ Amygdala receives connections from hippocampus ▪ Why strong emotions may be triggered by memories e.g., PTSD ▪ Reduced hippocampal volume ▪ Reduced ventromedial prefrontal cortex ▪ Increased activity of amygdala
42
Recent amygdala research: Decision-making & Loss aversion
▪ Amygdala appears to make us more cautious - Avoidance of choices which can lead to losses, even when accompanied by equal or much larger gains ▪ In addition to processing fear it also appears to make us 'afraid' to risk losing money ▪ Example: how we decide on whether to proceed with an operation ▪ Patients with impaired amygdala activity show lack of loss aversion ('unafraid' to gamble)
43
Limbic system: Cingulate gyrus
▪ Part of limbic cortex ▪ Located above (dorsal to) corpus callosum (relay between limbic system & cerebellum)
44
Limbic system: Mammillary bodies
▪ Protrusion on bottom of brain ▪ Part of hypothalamus (links via fornix)
45
Limbic system: Fornix
Bundle of axons connecting hippocampus to brain other regions, including mammillary bodies Fornix = 'arch'
46
Basal ganglia: location
- part of telencephalon - group of subcortical nuclei - tightly interconnected - links cerebrum & cerebellum
47
Basal ganglia: Role
- involved in the control of movement (& procedural memory) --> links cerebrum and cerebellum - Processes info from many regions of the cerebral cortex - returns info to MOTOR CORTEX via the THALAMUS (the the relay diagram) - works in conjuction with cerebellum - selects & triggers co-ordinated voluntary movements (Important in Parkinson's and Huntington's disease)
48
Diencephalon: location & 2 main structures
(division of the forebrain) Located between the telencephalon & mesencephalon (midbrain) - surrounds the 3rd ventricle 2 main structures: - thalamus - hypothalamus
49
Diencephalon: Functions
- relays sensory info (thalamus) - controls many AUTONOMIC functions of the PNS - connects the endocrine system to NS (hypothalamus & pituitary gland) - involved in emotions and memories (alongside the limbic system) - hypothalamus
50
Diencephalon: Thalamus: Structure
- largest portion of deincephalon - (means 'inner chamber') - TWO lobes connected by a bridge of grey matter (Massa Intermedia) which pierces the middle of the 3rd ventricle)
51
Diencephalon: Thalamus: Function
- controls sleep and awake states - receiving and relaying auditory, visual & somatosensory signals to the cerebral cortex (gateway to the cortex) - motor control - memory and emotions
52
Diencephalon: Thalamus Nuclei
▪ Some nuclei are involved in general excitability of cerebral cortex ▪ Other nuclei act as relay stations for sensory and non-sensory information: Sensory info: - Lateral geniculate nucleus (vision) - Medial geniculate nucleus (audition) Non-sensory (motor) info: - Ventrolateral nucleus
53
Reading: Forebrain ventricles
- lateral (telencephalon) - Third (diencephalon)
54
Reading: Midbrain ventricles
Cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalon)
55
Reading: Hindbrain ventricle
- Fourth (part of metencephalon and myencephalon)
56
Reading: Principle structures of the telencephalon (forebrain)
- cerebral cortex - basal ganglia - limbic system
57
Reading: principle structures of the diencephalon (forebrain)
Thalamus Hypothalamus
58
Reading: The Midbrain: Mesencephalon (2 main parts)
(surrounds the cerebral aqueduct) 2 major parts: - tectum - tegmentum
59
Mensencephalon: The Tectum
(dorsal part of midbrain) ○ The inferior colliculi are a part of the auditory system (on top of midbrain) . The superior colliculi are part of the visual system (on top of midbrain)
60
Mesencephalon: Tegmentum
includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra. (can look up functions in reading)
61
Reading: The hindbrain
(surrounds the 4th ventricle) - metencephalon - myelencephalon
62
Reding: Hindbrain: Metencephalon (2 parts)
- cerebellum - pons (role in sleep/wake regulation & arousal)
63
Reading: Hindbrain: Myelencephalon
Medulla oblongata - the most caudal portion of the brain (immediately rostral to the spinal cord) Controls involuntary processes/ muscles = vital functions of cardiovascular system, respiration and skeletal muscle tone

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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