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Neuroscience > Week 5: Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Week 5: Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Divisions of the brain: Forebrain, Midbrain, Hindbrain

A

Forebrain:
- Cerebrum (&cerebral cortex layer)
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

Midbrain

Hindbrain:
- Pons
- Medulla oblongata
- Cerebellum

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2
Q

Telencephalon structures (3)

A
  • cerebrum (and the outline is the cortex, so the cerebrum on the inside is the subcortex)
  • Limbic system
  • Basal Ganglia

(part of the forebrain, divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres, working contralaterally)

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3
Q

Telencephalon: cerebral cortex

A

thin outer layer of neural tissue (cerebrum), responsible for many “higher-order” functions

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4
Q

Telencephalon: Limbic system

A

interconnected nuclei & cortical structures located in telencephalon & diencephalon important for olfaction (smell), emotions, learning & memory

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5
Q

Telencephalon: Basal ganglia

A

Group of nuclei located beneath cortical surface vital for movement (e.g. coordination & fine movement)

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5
Q

The cerebral cortex structure (3 prominent features)

A

(Cortex surface enlarged (x3) by folding)

  • central sulcus (see image)
  • Longitudional fissure (between left & right hemisphere)
  • Lateral fissure (between frontal & temporal lobe)
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6
Q

Gyrus: meaning

A

bulges

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7
Q

Sulcus: meaning

A

small grooves

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8
Q

Fissure: meaning

A

large groove

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9
Q

Grey matter

A

Outer layer composed of:

  • cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • glia
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10
Q

White matter

A

Inner layer composed of:

  • myelinated axons

(white due to the colour of myelination)

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11
Q

Rostral

A

front (nasal side)

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12
Q

Ventral

A

Bottom of brain

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13
Q

Caudal

A

Back of head/ brain

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14
Q

Dorsal

A

Top of head/ brain

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15
Q

Corpus collosum

A

communication between left and right hemisphere

  • (studies suggest babies that crawl more have larger corpus collosum) - Coordination of left-right movement?
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16
Q

Cerebral cortex: Lobes

A

4 lobes in each hemisphere (2 hemispheres, 8 lobes)

FRONTAL LOBE

PARIETAL LOBE

OCCIPITAL LOBE

TEMPORAL LOBE

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17
Q

Frontal lobe

A

anterior part of cortex, rostral (front) to parietal lobe & dorsal (top) to temporal lobe

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Caudal to frontal lobe & dorsal to temporal lobe

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19
Q

Occipital lobe

A

caudal to parietal & temporal lobes

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20
Q

Temporal lobe

A

rostral to occipital lobe & ventral to parietal & frontal lobes

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21
Q

Prefrontal cortex: Location & function

A

Most rostral region of cortex

  • executive function (schizophrenia & depression)
  • personality, planning, impulse control, & mood (addiction)

▪ Main site of action for dopamine regulating attention, impulse inhibition, memory, cognitive flexibility, motivation, self-control, reward management, personality…

▪ Language production (Broca’s area)

(language understanding is temporal lobe - Wernicke’s area)

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22
Q

3 primary sensory cortices

A

▪ Primary visual cortex

▪ Primary auditory cortex

▪ Primary somatosensory cortex

(Predominantly processed contralaterally)

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23
Q

Location of the primary visual cortex?

A

Occipital lobe

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24
Q

Location of the auditory cortex?

A

Temporal lobe (responsible for language comprehension)

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25
Q

Location of the somatosensory cortex?

A

Parietal lobe

26
Q

Location of the motor cortex?

A

frontal lobe

(specifically the central sulcus)

27
Q

Functions of the cerebral cortex: Motor cortex

A
  • controls VOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS of skeletal muscle
  • Located in front of central sulcus (frontal lobe)

Connections are contralteral

28
Q

Association cortices: role

A

Receive info from relevant primary cortices

SENSORY ASSOCIATION CORTEX:
- perception & memories
- (located behind central sulcus)

MOTOR ASSOCIATION CORTEX:
- directly controls primary motor cortex (PMC) and thus behaviour
- aka the premotor cortex
- (Located infront of the PMC)

29
Q

Role of parietal lobe:

A

Perception of awareness and space

somatasensory cortex that integrates all the sensory systems

30
Q

Role of temporal lobe:

A

Recognition, identification and awareness

Auditory cortex

Language comprehension

31
Q

Occipital lobe role:

A

Processing of visual information from the retina

Visual cortex

32
Q

Lateralisation

A

Lateralised: some functions are primarily on one hemisphere/ side of the brain

Left hemisphere: Info analysis, recognising serial events, controlling sequences of beh, right side vision & motor skills

Right hemisphere: synthesis, non-verbal, imagination, left field vision & motor skills

(Myth that people are ‘left or right brained’ - too much interconnection)

33
Q

Corpus collosum

A

Large bundle of axons

Interconnects corresponding regions of cortex on each hemisphere

(e.g. split brain surgery)

34
Q

Split brain surgery

A

Corpus collosum cut

Performed on an epileptic patient - seizures stopped)

Speech: left-hemisphere - only left couold communicate its actions/ thoughts

Olfactory information is an exception to contralateral representation of sensory information

35
Q

Limbic system

A

Cortical & subcortical structures concerned with emotions:

  • amygdala
  • hippocampus
  • cingulate gyrus

(also includes mammilary bodies and fornix)

36
Q

Limbic system: Hippocampus: Location

A

Forebrain structure, of temporal lobe. (Telencephalon)

(looks like a seahorse)

37
Q

Hippocampus: Functions

A
  • learning & memory (including limbic cortex)
  • storing & retrieving explicit memories
38
Q

Patient H.M: what happens when the hippocampus is removed?

A

H.M.’s condition:
- cracked his skull young
- seizures
- removed hippocampus

Effects:
- IQ improved
- no more seizures
- forgetting (e.g. eating multiple meals in a row)

Conclusions:
- could not form new memories
- could retain info long enough to finish sentence & use bathroom (could remember up to 15 mins, but 5 after this forgot about the test)
- Procedural memory could still develop (even if didn’t remember doing it)
(Procedural memory relies more on basal ganglia & cerebellum)

39
Q

Limbic system: Amygdala: Location

A

In the interior of rostral temporal lobe

40
Q

Amygdala: Function

A
  • Amygdala & regions of limbic cortex involved in multiple aspects of emotions
  • Vital for decoding emotion, particularly to threatening stimuli (e.g. fight/ flight, stress)
  • fear, fear learning, aggression & stress

Activation of stress response:
- Adrenaline
- AcTH -> Cortisol

41
Q

The amygdala & hippocampus work together: effects?

A

▪ Amygdala receives connections from hippocampus
▪ Why strong emotions may be triggered by memories

e.g., PTSD
▪ Reduced hippocampal volume
▪ Reduced ventromedial prefrontal cortex
▪ Increased activity of amygdala

42
Q

Recent amygdala research: Decision-making & Loss aversion

A

▪ Amygdala appears to make us more cautious - Avoidance of choices which can lead to losses, even when accompanied by equal or much larger gains

▪ In addition to processing fear it also appears to make us ‘afraid’ to risk losing money

▪ Example: how we decide on whether to proceed with an operation
▪ Patients with impaired amygdala activity show lack of loss aversion ('unafraid' to gamble)
43
Q

Limbic system: Cingulate gyrus

A

▪ Part of limbic cortex

▪ Located above (dorsal to) corpus callosum

(relay between limbic system & cerebellum)

44
Q

Limbic system: Mammillary bodies

A

▪ Protrusion on bottom of brain

▪ Part of hypothalamus

(links via fornix)

45
Q

Limbic system: Fornix

A

Bundle of axons connecting hippocampus to brain other regions, including mammillary bodies

Fornix = ‘arch’

46
Q

Basal ganglia: location

A
  • part of telencephalon
  • group of subcortical nuclei
  • tightly interconnected
  • links cerebrum & cerebellum
47
Q

Basal ganglia: Role

A
  • involved in the control of movement (& procedural memory) –> links cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Processes info from many regions of the cerebral cortex
  • returns info to MOTOR CORTEX via the THALAMUS (the the relay diagram)
  • works in conjuction with cerebellum - selects & triggers co-ordinated voluntary movements

(Important in Parkinson’s and Huntington’s disease)

48
Q

Diencephalon: location & 2 main structures

A

(division of the forebrain)

Located between the telencephalon & mesencephalon (midbrain)

  • surrounds the 3rd ventricle

2 main structures:
- thalamus
- hypothalamus

49
Q

Diencephalon: Functions

A
  • relays sensory info (thalamus)
  • controls many AUTONOMIC functions of the PNS
  • connects the endocrine system to NS (hypothalamus & pituitary gland)
  • involved in emotions and memories (alongside the limbic system) - hypothalamus
50
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus: Structure

A
  • largest portion of deincephalon
  • (means ‘inner chamber’)
  • TWO lobes connected by a bridge of grey matter (Massa Intermedia) which pierces the middle of the 3rd ventricle)
51
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus: Function

A
  • controls sleep and awake states
  • receiving and relaying auditory, visual & somatosensory signals to the cerebral cortex (gateway to the cortex)
  • motor control
  • memory and emotions
52
Q

Diencephalon: Thalamus Nuclei

A

▪ Some nuclei are involved in general excitability of cerebral cortex
▪ Other nuclei act as relay stations for sensory and non-sensory information:

Sensory info:
- Lateral geniculate nucleus (vision)
- Medial geniculate nucleus (audition)

Non-sensory (motor) info:
- Ventrolateral nucleus

53
Q

Reading: Forebrain ventricles

A
  • lateral (telencephalon)
  • Third (diencephalon)
54
Q

Reading: Midbrain ventricles

A

Cerebral aqueduct (mesencephalon)

55
Q

Reading: Hindbrain ventricle

A
  • Fourth (part of metencephalon and myencephalon)
56
Q

Reading: Principle structures of the telencephalon (forebrain)

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • basal ganglia
  • limbic system
57
Q

Reading: principle structures of the diencephalon (forebrain)

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

58
Q

Reading: The Midbrain: Mesencephalon (2 main parts)

A

(surrounds the cerebral aqueduct)

2 major parts:
- tectum
- tegmentum

59
Q

Mensencephalon: The Tectum

A

(dorsal part of midbrain)

○ The inferior colliculi are a part of the auditory system (on top of midbrain) .

The superior colliculi are part of the visual system (on top of midbrain)

60
Q

Mesencephalon: Tegmentum

A

includes the periaqueductal gray matter, reticular formation, red nucleus, and substantia nigra.

(can look up functions in reading)

61
Q

Reading: The hindbrain

A

(surrounds the 4th ventricle)

  • metencephalon
  • myelencephalon
62
Q

Reding: Hindbrain: Metencephalon (2 parts)

A
  • cerebellum
  • pons (role in sleep/wake regulation & arousal)
63
Q

Reading: Hindbrain: Myelencephalon

A

Medulla oblongata

  • the most caudal portion of the brain (immediately rostral to the spinal cord)

Controls involuntary processes/ muscles = vital functions of cardiovascular system, respiration and skeletal muscle tone

Neuroscience (22 decks)

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