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JMP Semester 1 > Week 5 "Maintenance and Defence" > Flashcards

Week 5 "Maintenance and Defence" Flashcards

1
Q

List some characteristics of a virus (4 points)

A
  1. very small
  2. single particle called a viron
  3. classified based on genome (dsDNA, ssRNA etc)
  4. wide range of structure and complexity
    need host cell to replicate.
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2
Q

List some characteristics of bacteria (6 points)

A
  1. they have a peptidoglycan cell wall (gram positive and gram negative types)
  2. (lipoteichoic acid (LTA) in gram positive)
  3. lack membrane bound organelles therefore no nucleus (DNA in cytoplasm)
  4. binary fission
  5. 70s ribosomal subunit
  6. Can be many shapes eg cocci, bacilli
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3
Q

List some characteristics of Archaea (5 points)

A
  1. more complex rna polymerase than bacteria
  2. do not contain peptidoglycan
  3. lives in extreme conditions
  4. unique metabolism
  5. binary fission and budding and fragmentation
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4
Q

List some characteristics of Protozoa (4 points)

A
  1. single cellular normally
  2. Heterotrophic
  3. Has an animal like cell membrane and a plant like cell wall
  4. mostly motile via cillia flagella etc
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5
Q

List some characteristics of Fungi (4 points)

A
  1. mostly multicellular
  2. Heterotrophic (do not generate own food)
  3. cell wall made of chitin
  4. no movement
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6
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives in or on an organism of another species (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the other’s expense.

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7
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

parasite on the outside of the body (flea etc)

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8
Q

What is a Helminth

A

Parasitic worm (macroparasite)

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9
Q

What is a Prion

A

A misfolded protein that can lead to disease

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10
Q

Define microbiota

A

the microorganisms of a particular site, habitat

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11
Q

Define microbiome

A

the collective genomes of microorganisms that reside in an environmental niche.

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12
Q

List some common organisms that inhabit the skin.

A

Staphlococcus aureus-
transient bacteria on skin, hard to remove with washing, opportunistic

Staphlococcus epidermis- normal skin flora, can cause infections in immunosuppressed patients.

E.coli- transient, easily removed by hand washing

Proprionibacterium acnes- resident within skin follicles and pores (can cause acne)

Corynebacterium spp- occurs in normal skin flora, pathogenic in immunosuppressed patients.

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13
Q

What is the difference between colonisation and infection?

A

Colonization - Bacteria grow on the mucosal sites or the skin without causing an infection or disease. This can include both bacteria from the normal microbiota or microorganisms that can cause disease (but are currently not)

Infection- when these microorganisms begin to actually cause disease, barriers fail or some other issue where normal bacteria out compete others etc etc

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14
Q

What is the difference between Commensal and a Pathogenic microorganism.

A

Commensal- microorganisms are benefitted by host and the host isn’t affected negatively or positively.

Pathogen- The host is harmed

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15
Q

What is the role of skin within infection

A
  1. Physical barrier

2. Potential source of infection.

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16
Q

That is the general role of the immune system? (3 points)

A

The immune system has a role to protect against pathogens, it does this through:

  1. recognition of pathogens to initiate an immune response
  2. recognise self molecules and cells and not mount an immune response
  3. Balance immune response to not cause excessive tissue damage of the area
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17
Q

Compare between the innate and adaptive immune systems (5 points)

A

Innate immune response:

  • Preformed and pre-existing
  • Activated rapidly (minutes to hours)
  • General responses (some slight specificity)
  • No memory
  • More collateral tissue damage

Adaptive immune response-

  • Learned response - activated by the innate immune response
  • Activated slower (days to weeks)
  • Pathogen specific response (highly specific)
  • Has memory
  • Less collateral tissue damage
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18
Q

List the main 4 organs of the immune system

A
  1. Spleen
  2. Lymph system
  3. Bone marrow (red)
  4. Thymus
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19
Q

What is the role of the spleen in immune function?

A

– Site of B cell activation and maturation (white pulp)
– Removal of old erythrocytes (red pulp)
– Clearance of antibody-coated bacteria from circulation

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20
Q

What is the role of the Lymph System in immune function?

A

– Location of adaptive immune cell activation / antigen presentation
– Activation of antigen-specific T cells, which return to sites of infection
– Activation of antigen-specific B cells, which expand and undergo maturation to make antibody
“responsible for the maturation of the adaptive immune response”

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21
Q

What is the role of Bone Marrow in the immune system

A
  • Hematopoiesis (blood cell development)
  • B cell maturation & selection
  • Houses long-lived antibody-producing plasma cells
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22
Q

What is the role of Thymus in the immune system

A

Located above the heart and is bilobed.
Function:
1. Generation of mature naïve T cells
2. Location of T cell selection (approximately 98% of T cells die in the thymus)

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23
Q

Describe the two types of T cell selection that happens in the thymus.

A

T Cell Selection:

  • T cell progenitors enter thymus from the bone marrow
    1. Positive selection: T cells that generate a functional T cell receptor (TCR) proliferate
  1. Negative selection: T cells that recognise self-antigen are removed to prevent autoimmune disease (central tolerance
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24
Q

Role of Neutrophils (phagocyte)-

A
  1. Rapidly enter tissue on pathogen entry
  2. Neutrophils kill bacterial microbes via:
    - Phagocytosis.
    - Release of cytotoxic agents (e.g. super oxides). These factors also cause local tissue damage.
    Release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) which trap microbes in a “sticky” web of nuclear and cytosolic contents
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25
Q

Role of Monocytes/macrophages (phagocyte)-

A
  1. Monocytes are immature macrophages circulating in the blood.
  2. They differentiate to macrophages when entering tissue
  3. Macrophages engulf pathogens to destroy them
  4. They activate the inflammation and the recruitment of immune cells eg neutrophils
  5. They activate the adaptive immune response as they act as antigen presenting cells to activate T-cells.
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26
Q

Role of Dendritic cells-

A
  1. Are the primary antigen presenting cells. They present antigens on their surface on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC).
  2. They collect antigens and migrate to the lymph nodes to activate T-cells. Antigen + MHC is recognised by naïve T cells that are reactive to that specific antigen.
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27
Q

Role of NK cells (lymphocyte)- Also known as Natural Killer Cells

A

NK cells (lymphocyte)- Also known as Natural Killer Cells

  1. Major cytotoxic cells of the innate immune system.
  2. NK cells recognise MHC-I, which is normally on all cells. Detection of MHC-I inhibits NK cell killing.
  3. Hence kills abnormal cells.
28
Q

Role of B cells (lymphocyte)-

In particular their 3 main functions.

A
  1. B cells are key cell types of the humoral adaptive immune system
  2. B cell functions:
    - Antigen Presentation-
    B cells internalise pathogen by binding with the BCR. Antigen is processed and presented to T-helper cells
    - Antibody Production-
    When activated by T-helper cells, B cells release antibody, which binds to a specific antigen.
    Immune Memory-
    Long-lived antibody-producing cells (plasma cells) survive to maintain long-term immunity
29
Q

T cells (lymphocyte)-

A
  1. Each T cell has a different T cell receptor (TCR) on their surface, which recognises an antigen (key cells in the adaptive immune response)
  2. Provides antigen-specificity for adaptive immune response
  3. Rapidly proliferate upon antigen activation to create a clonal pool of antigen-specific cells
  4. Many types of T cells T Helper (TH) cells, Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), Memory T cells, Suppressor / Regulatory T cells (Tregs)
30
Q

Define Antigen

A

A toxin or other foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body.

31
Q

Define Antibody

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. N.B anything that functions as an antibody is also called an immunoglobulin.

32
Q

IgM:

A
  • Primary antibody in early response
  • Fixes complement

MAINLY FOR NEW INFECTIONS

33
Q

IgD:

A
  • Co-expressed on cell surface with IgM prior to B cell activation
  • Secreted form occurs after activation
    Bacteria- A high level may mean IgD multiple myeloma,
34
Q

IgG:

A
  • Highest concentration in blood
  • Neutralises toxins and enhances phagocytosis

MAINLY FOR ALL KINDS OF INFECTION (not allergy)

35
Q

IgA:

A
  • Secreted into mucus, saliva etc., as a dimer
    Protects against infections of the mucous membranes lining
    the mouth, airways, and digestive tract.
    -Can be raised in chronic infection/autoimmune disease
36
Q

IgE:

A

Involved in parasite response and allergy

37
Q

Define Cytokines

A

are a broad category of small proteins (5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling and modulation of the immune response.

38
Q

Functions of Cytokines:

A
  1. activate or suppress immune responses.
  2. Determine the type of immune response.
  3. Balance response to avoid extensive tissue damage.
39
Q

What is a Fomite?

A

Objects or materials which are likely to carry infection

Eg clothes, stethoscope,

40
Q

What are the 5 stages for hand hygiene

A
  1. before touching a patient
  2. before clean/aseptic procedures
  3. after body fluid exposure/risk
  4. after touching a patient
  5. after touching patient surroundings.
41
Q

Define Hyperplasia-

A

the enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often as an initial stage in the development of cancer.

42
Q

Define Hypertrophy-

A

Enlargement through a growth in size of its component cells (not an increase in cell number)

43
Q

Define Metaplasia-

A

abnormal change in the nature of a tissue.

Type not amount (reversible)

44
Q

Define Dysplasia-

A

the presence of cells of an abnormal type within a tissue, which may signify a stage preceding the development of cancer.

45
Q

Define Atrophy-

A

cell/tissue/organ reduction in size. Same cell count just smaller.

46
Q

How do Acute, Chronic and Granulomatous inflammation compare.

A

Acute- initial and transient series of tissue reactions (Vascular and cellular phases)
Chronic- prolonged tissue response to injury (over 2 weeks)
Granulomatous- subset of chronic, a cluster of macrophages occupies a sperical tissue (granuloma), over time granuloma becomes calcified and leads to cell necrosis.

47
Q

What is involved in the vascular phase of acute inflammation?

A
  1. chemical mediated vasodilation. Blood flow (warmth)

2. capillary permeability (swelling/oedema - leads to pain (noiceptors))

48
Q

What is involved in the cellular phase of acute inflammation?

A

Leucocytes (WBC) are introduced

  • Neutrophils (first)
  • then comes monocytes + others
49
Q

What is the exudate part of vascular inflammation response

A

fluid moves out of the blood vessels and accumulates around affected tissue areas and dilutes toxins

50
Q

What are the four types of exudate.

A
  • Serous exudate: -watery and low in protein concentration-mild reaction e.g. skin blister
  • Fibrinous exudate: - High in plasma protein concentration with the formation of fibrin at injury site – very viscous and sticky and can inhibit the healing process causing adhesions
  • Purulent exudate: - contains pus consisting of cellular debris, living cells and dead cells- can cause an abscess
  • Haemorrhagic exudate:- contains large numbers of erythrocytes –indicates a greater degree of tissue damage
51
Q

To what does the suffix -itis refer?

A

inflammation

52
Q

What are some causes for healing/repair to fail?

A
  1. Poor blood supply
  2. Persistant body in infection site
  3. Movement of the site
  4. Nutrition,vitamin,mineral deficiency
53
Q

What is necrosis

A

The death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.

54
Q

What is an ulcer

A

Full thickness defect in a surface epithelium or mucosa or is a discontinuity or break in a bodily membrane that impedes the organ of which that membrane is a part from continuing its normal functions

55
Q

What is an abscess

A

localised collection of pus (degenerating neutrophils)

56
Q

What is the difference between health equity and health equality?

A

equity- health care based on need (not even)

equality- same for all

57
Q

What is the inverse care law?

A
  1. Is the principle that the availability of good medical or social care tends to vary inversely with the need of the population served.
  2. Medical care seems to be more available in parts of society where it is less needed. Not in areas where there is worse medical outcomes.
58
Q

What is nociception? and how is it different to pain.

A

Nociception is the process of receiving information from stimulus
Pain is the response to this information (brain generated)

59
Q

What are the five classic signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Calor (temp)
  3. Tumor (swelling)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
60
Q

What are some signs associated with systemic inflammation?

A

Fever, Malaise, Drop in BP

61
Q

Clinically what would be a reason for altered Neutrophils? in a FBC.

A

High-bacterial infection, inflammation

Low- post chemo therapy

62
Q

Clinically what would be a reason for altered Monocytes/Macrophages

A

High- bacterial infection, autoimmune disease

63
Q

Clinically what would be a reason for altered Bands

A

High- Current ongoing infection

64
Q

Clinically what would be a reason for altered Lymphocyte count (T and Bcells)

A

High- Viral infection

65
Q

Clinically what would be a reason for altered Eosinophils

A

High-Parasite, Allergy, drug reaction

JMP Semester 1 (12 decks)

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