Week 1 Bones Flashcards
7 types of bones
short, long, flat, irregular and sesamoid, Pneumatic and
Accessory.
What are Short bones + example
Short bones are designated as those bones that are as wide as they are long. Carpus/Patella/Tarsus
Sesamoid bones
bones embedded within a tendon or muscle. Patella/distal portions of the first metacarpal bone
Flat Bones
Bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment. Cranium/Ilium/sternum/rib cage
The axial skeleton
includes the bones that form the skull, laryngeal skeleton, vertebral column and thoracic cage.
The appendicular skeleton
The appendicular skeleton is the portion of the skeleton of vertebrates consisting of the bones that support the appendages. (Arms and legs)
Articulations
Where two bones meet. eg Knee joint
Head of bone
Prominent rounded surface. eg Head of femur
Facet
Flat surface.
Facet joint would be 2 flat surfaces meeting eg Vertebrae.
Condyle
Rounded Surface at the end of a bone forming an articulation with another.
Projections
Projections that are sites of muscles and ligaments attachments. Raised markings.
Protuberance
A bony outgrowth or protruding part. eg Chin.
Process
An outgrowth from the main part of the bone
Spine
A sharp process of a bone. eg the vertebral column
Tubercle
A small rounded nodule on a bone
Tuberosity
A larger rounded nodule on a bone
Line
A slight elongated ridge
Crest
A ridge of bone. Iliac crest (top bone ridge of the pelvis)
Holes
Holes and depressions in which blood vessels and nerves etc to enter/pass through the bone eg
Fossa
A depression or hollow. eg the Coronoid fossa (next to the radial fossa) that receives the coronoid process of the ulnar during flexion of the forearm.
Name for lower jaw
Manible
3 portions of the vertebrae
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar
Main bones in the arm
Humerus/ Ulnar and Radius
Main bones in the pelvic region
Pelvis, Sacrum, Coccyx
Main bones in the leg
Femur/ Tibia (large) and Fibula (small)
Knee cap
Patella
Superior or cranial
toward the head end of the body; upper (example, the hand is part of the superior extremity).
Inferior or caudal
away from the head; lower (example, the foot is part of the inferior extremity)
Anterior or ventral
front (example, the patella is located on the anterior side of the leg)
Posterior or dorsal
back (example, the shoulder blades are located on the posterior side of the body)
Medial
toward the midline of the body
Lateral
away from the midline of the body (example, the little toe is located at the lateral side of the foot).
Proximal
toward or nearest the trunk or the point of origin of a part (example, the proximal end of the femur joins with the pelvic bone).
Distal
away from or farthest from the trunk or the point or origin of a part (example, the hand is located at the distal end of the forearm)
Coronal Plane
(Frontal Plane) - A vertical plane running from side to side; divides the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior portions.
Sagittal Plane
(Lateral Plane) - A vertical plane running from front to back; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left sides.
Axial/Transverse/Horizontal Plane
A horizontal plane; divides the body or any of its parts into upper and lower parts.
Median plane
Sagittal plane through the midline of the body; divides the body or any of its parts into right and left halves
Abduction and adduction is
Abduction- moving a limb away from the medial line of the body.
Adduction- moving a limb towards the medial line of the body
Flexion and Extension is
Flexion- decreasing the angle of the joint (bending the joint)
Extension- Increasing the angle of the joint (straightening the joint)
Lateral rotation and Medial rotation
Lateral- Rotating a limb away from the medial line of the body.
Medial- rotating a limb towards the medial line of the body
Dorsiflexion and Plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion - Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint (flat foot up)
Plantar flexion - Increasing the angle of the ankle joint (top of front foot angle increases)
Eversion and Inversion
Eversion - Rotating the ankle so that the sole of the foot is facing away from the midline.
Inversion - rotating so sole faces towards the midline.
Circumduction
A combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Circumduction can be best performed at ball and socket joints, such as the hip and shoulder, but may also be performed by other parts of the body such as fingers, hands, feet, and head.
Elevation and Depression
Moving a body part in a superior direction/ inferior direction.
Pneumatic bones-
Bones which are hollow and full of air. For example the sinus spaces in the head.
Accessory bones-
A bone not normally present in the human body. many of these bones are due to unsuccessful fusing of ossification centres. eg ulnar styloid process
Cervical Vertebrae
(7 in total) They generally have a smaller body and larger vertebral foramen, and are known as the smallest vertebrae. to support the skull and enable nodding motion
Thoracic Vertebrae
(12 in total) The rib cage lies in the thoracic region of the body, and the thoracic vertebrae have a slight modification to articulate with the ribs. (medium in size)
Lumbar Vertibrae
(5 in total) These are the largest vertebrae and have huge bodies. They take on the weight of the body and have a great capacity for movement. The orientation of their process is parasagittal, which is supposedly responsible for their capacity for bending.
Terms for the arm and leg (not bones just proper names top to bottom)
Full Arm - Shoulder joint, arm, elbow, forearm, wrist, hand
Full Leg- Hip, Thigh, Knee, Leg, Foot
