Week 3 "Growth"

Question 1

What is Genotype vs Phenotype

Answer 1

Genotype- genetic gene/allele set

Phenotype- physical expression/characteristic driven by a genotype.

Question 2

Define:

Gene and Allele

Answer 2

Gene- sequence of DNA that is a unit of heredity from parent to offspring.
Allele- two or more alternative forms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome.

Question 3

Define:

Dominant and Recessive

Answer 3

Dominant- a phenotype will be expressed with even 1 copy

Recessive- for a phenotype to be expressed 2 recessive alleles are required

Question 4

What is Meiosis

Answer 4

Meiosis is the generation of gametes (sex cells) 1 diploid cell (2 divisions) to 4 haploid cells

Question 5

What is recombination and when does it occur.

Answer 5

Swapping of genetic material between a homologous pair of chromosomes (paternal and maternal)
Occurs in prophase 1 of meiosis
Allows for different mixes of genetic material to occur

Question 6

define: Structural variability in human chromosomes:
deletions
substitutions
inversions
duplications
translocations

Answer 6

Deletion- portion of DNA is missing.
Substitution- alteration in sequence but length is the same.
Inversion- sequence is reversed
Duplications- duplicated sequence
Translocation- sequence has moved to another location or chromosome.

Question 7

What is anabolism

Answer 7

Synthesis. (requires energy)

Catabolism is breaking down (requires energy)

Question 8

Substrate level phosphorylation

Answer 8

ADP–>ATP via glycolysis and gluconeogenesis cycle. Cell-blood-liver-blood-cell

Question 9

What is a macronutrient

Answer 9

Nutrient consumed in large quantity eg carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

Question 10

What is a micronutrient

Answer 10

Nutrient required in small or trace amounts (still very important for body function) eg vitamins and minerals.

Question 11

3 main receptor classes

Answer 11

1. G protein-coupled receptors- signal amplification
2. Enzyme linked receptors- many cellular effects
3. Ion channel-linked receptors-alters electric potential across cell membrane

Question 12

Mechanism of G-protein coupled receptor by cAMP

Answer 12

1. Receptor binding causes release of G protein
2. G protein activates adenylyl cyclase
3. adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cyclic AMP (cAMP)
4. cAMP activates protein kinase A (PKA)
5. PKA phosphorylates other proteins (usually activating them) to cause a cellular response.

Question 13

What is a protein kinase?

Answer 13

enzyme that transfers a phosphate onto a protein (phosphorylates) mostly leads to activation

Question 14

what is a protein phosphatase?

Answer 14

enzyme that removes the phosphate- mostly results in inactivation