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Foundations- KML > Week 5- CT- Downing > Flashcards

Week 5- CT- Downing Flashcards

1
Q

CT components

A
  • Cells
  • fibers
  • amorphous intercellular substance (ground substance)- what the fibers are imbedded in
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2
Q

CT characteristics

A

abundant matrix: fibers and amorphous ground substance

-proportion of cells to intercellular substances (matrix) varies greatly

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3
Q

origin of CT

A

mesoderm ⇒ mesenchyme ⇒ CT

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4
Q

differences b/t CT and epithelium

A

ep: have litter intercellular material
- ep: basil lamine is present
- ep: cover surfaces/line cavities

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5
Q

collagenous fibers

A

origin: fibroblasts
- 1-2 um in diameter but made up of smaller fibrils
- microfibril bundles to ⇒ fibril which bundles to ⇒ fiber which bundles to ⇒ a bundle of fibers
- inelastic
- leather industry: this is what they are tanning
- can stain with acid dyes: thus CT must have a neutral or slightly acidic charge
- can see microfibrils with an electron microscope
- have a cross banding pattern of 64 nm
- thick band is where the heads/tails are lining up
- this doesn’t allow heavy metal stains to get in ⇒ shows up very light
- AA variations produce different types of collagen that can wrap around each other ⇒ triple helix held together with H bonds

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6
Q

collagen types

A

1) I: ordinary CT (loose and dense) and bone
2) II: hyaline and elastic cartilage
3) III: loose CT, blood vessel wall, skin, lung
4) IV: basement membranes: network forming

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7
Q

reticular fibers

A

type III collagen

  • very small
  • branch to form networks
  • staining: PAS (+) (because have excess carbs)
  • have more carbs than other collagens
  • origin: fibroblasts, reticular cells
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8
Q

elastic fibers

A
  • physical characteristics:
    • SUPER THIN
    • can form sheets- picture: long wavy lines held together
    • need a special stain to see them
  • 2 distinct components: microfibrils and amorphous components (elastin)
  • super stretchy: can be stretched up to 150% of original length
  • sheets are held together by cross-links made up of elastin moelcules
  • elastin is made up of: desmosine and isodesmosine

-origin: fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells

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9
Q

Marfan’s syndrome:

A

when you have too much elastin in your aorta ⇒ rupture

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10
Q

Amorphous intercellular substance (ground substance)

A

physical characteristics

- can vary b/t a viscous (very thick) and a thin gel
- transparent- all the white space on pics

chemical composition:
water binds to it
glycosaminoglycans- repeating sugars
proteoglycans

functions:

  • space filler
  • permits passage of gases
  • can immobilize larger objects (ie bacteria)

origin: fibroblast

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11
Q

HYALURONIC ACID

A

very viscous

				- plays a HUGE role
				- alternating glucosamine and glycouranate units - barrier to bacteria (because so large) - but bacteria that produce hyaluronidase can get thru - present in joints- good lube
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12
Q

fibronectin

A

adhesive glycoproteins

  • 2 forms: cellular and plasms
  • monomers connected by disulfide links
  • fxn: organize extracellular matrix and bind to macromolecular species
  • can bind to RGD (like epithelial)
  • have multiple binding sites
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13
Q

laminin

-

A

adhesive glycoproteins
confined to BM
-structural AND adhesive fxns
-binds cell surface receptors, type IV collagen,

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14
Q

Fibroblasts

A

most common CT cell

  • can be active or nonactive
  • oval nuc and enlarged golgi (when active)
  • fxns: produce CT fibers and ground substance
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15
Q

macrophages

A

cytoplasm stains lightly

  • larger nuc and many granules
  • capable of amoeboid movement
  • move to sites of inflation
  • fxns: phago, formation of foreign body giant cells
  • phago- doesn’t allow it to take up dyes
  • have receptors of Fc and C3- where stuff comes in to get phago
  • antigen presenting cells- process antigens and present them in a more antigenic fashion to other cells
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16
Q

plasma cells

A

not very common

  • # s increase for inflammation
  • wagon wheel chromatin; egg shape
  • large golgi body
  • origin: B-lymphocytes
  • fxn: production of humoral antibodies
17
Q

distubances related to PM

A

– Hyperglobulinemia: high concentrations of plasma cells with excessive circulating antibodies
– Agammaglobulinemia: complete failure of antibody synthesis; plasma cells do not develop at sites of antigenic stimulation
– Multiple myeloma: tumor of plasma cells

18
Q

mast cells

A

appearance: large, small nuc, many granules
- origin: mesenchymal-like cells-fxn:
- heparin- no significant anticoagulant fxn
- histamine-
- causes smooth musch of bronchi to contract
- dilates blood caps increasing their permability
- anaphylaxis

19
Q

anaphylaxis

A

with mast cells

occurs when host receives an antigenic insult the second time

  • ppl are too good at responding
  • antigen binds to mast cell ⇒ everything explodes out
20
Q

fat cells

A

occur singly or in small groups

  • ring shaped, large lipid droplet
  • origin: from undifferentiated mesenchymal-like cells
  • wax and wane in size- can grow 4x larger
  • fxns: storage of fate and TG, carb/fat metabolism, endrocrine fxns
21
Q

what are the visitors from the blood

A

monocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils, neutrophils

22
Q

monocytes

A

ameboid

-when leave the blood they are considered macrophages

23
Q

lymphocytes

A

ameboid

  • small and round
  • dark nucleus fills cells
  • fxn: make T and B lymphocytes and NK lymphocytes
24
Q

eosinophils

A

amoeboid

  • bi-lobed nuc
  • numerous, large granules
  • fxn: increase in number when there are infections, can phago, control of allergic responses
25
Q

neutrophils

A

ameboid

  • present in site of inflammation
  • multi-lobed nuc and granular cyto
  • fxn: first line of defense, actively phago, form pus when die
26
Q

Loose CT

A

fills in otherwise unoccupied spaces

  • forms part of framework for organs
  • surrounds blood vessels and nerves
27
Q

Dense irregular CT

A

irregularly arranged fibers

  • components:
    1) Fibers: coarse collagenous fibers (very dominate), elastic fibers and reticular fibers
    2) cells: fibroblasts and macrophages
    3) ground substance
    - ex: dermis of skin
28
Q

Dense regular CT

A

2 forms:

- predominately collagenous
	- ligaments, tendons, sheet like
- predominately elastic: ligament flaca, vocal cords - fibers are lined up parallel - well suite for withstanding tension - major cell: fibroblast
29
Q

reticular CT

A

provides a fine fibrillar network in lymph tissues
-components: reticular cells and fibers
need special dye to see

30
Q

2 causes of edema

A

1) increase formation of tissue fluid
- hydrostatic pressure (impeded venous return)
- increase capillary permeability (heat and cold)

2) decreased resorption of tissue fluid
- decreased blood colloid (starvation, renal diseases, burns)
- decreased lymphatic drainage (cancer, elephantiasis)

Foundations- KML (13 decks)

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