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Neuroanatomy > Week 5 content (CSF & blood flow, Vision & vestibular system) > Flashcards

Week 5 content (CSF & blood flow, Vision & vestibular system) Flashcards

1
Q

Three layers of meninges cover the brain and spinal cord

A

Dura mater, Arachnoid mater, Pia mater

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2
Q

Dura mater

A

surrounds the brain
- strong outer layer
- firmly bonds to the inside of the skull and inner layer

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3
Q

Arachnoid mater

A
  • delicate membrane loosely attached to the dura
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4
Q

Pia mater

A
  • innermost layer, is tightly apposed to the surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
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5
Q

three spaces of the meninges

A

subdural, epidural, subarachnoid

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6
Q

where is the subdural space?

A

between dura and arachnoid

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7
Q

where is the epidural space

A

between skull and dura

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8
Q

where is the subarachnoid space?

A

between arachnoid and pia

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9
Q

what are ventricles?

A

CSF filled spaces inside the brain form a system of FOUR ventricles

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10
Q

pair of lateral ventricles: location, and connected to…

A

located in the cerebral hemispheres,
- consists of body, atrium, anterior, posterior and inferior horns
- connected to third ventricle by interventricular foramina

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11
Q

third ventricle: location and connected to…

A

narrow slit in the midline of diencephalon (over thalamus)
-3rd and 4th are connected with cerebral aquaduct

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12
Q

Fourth ventricle: location and connected to…

A
  • located posterior to the pons and medulla and anterior to the cerebellum
  • continues to spinal cord
  • drains into subarachnoid space
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13
Q

approximately _____ cc’s of CSF in body

A

150 cc’s

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14
Q

what makes CSF fluid

A

choroid plexus

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15
Q

CSF formation and circulation route

A

1) choroid plexuses
2) lateral ventricle
3) ventricular foramina
4) 3rd ventricle
5) cerebral aqueduct
6) fourth ventricle
7) subarachnoid space
8) around brain and spinal cord
9) venous sinuses
10) adrenal system and into capillaries

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16
Q

what does cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

protects CNS
regulates the content of extracellular fluid

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17
Q

arterial supply to cerebral hemispheres: anterior cerebral artery

A

medial frontal and parietal lobes, anterior caudate, putamen, anterior limb of internal capsule

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18
Q

arterial supply to cerebral hemispheres: middle cerebral artery

A

parts of basal ganglia (globus pallidus, putamen, body of caudate), most of lateral hemisphere, genu of internal capsule

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19
Q

arterial supply to cerebral hemispheres: posterior cerebral artery

A

midbrain, occipital lobe, inferomedial temporal lobe, most of thalamus

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20
Q

weakness in the legs =

A

occlusion of anterior cerebral artery

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21
Q

weakness in the hands =

A

occlusion of middle cerebral artery issues

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22
Q

paresis of eye, thalamic syndrome =

A

occlusion of posterior cerebral artery

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23
Q

What artery supplies the anterior circulation to the brain/body?

A

internal carotid artery

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24
Q

What artery supplies the posterior circulation to the brain/body?

A

vertebral artery

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25
Q

outer layer of eye consists of…

A

sclera, cornea, conjuctiva

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26
Q

middle layer, vascular layer of eye consists of…

A

choroid, iris, ciliary muscles

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27
Q

inner layer, neural layer of eye consists of…

A

retina, fovea, optic disk

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28
Q

sclera

A

touch connective tissue, maintains shape of eye

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29
Q

cornea

A

transparent, allow light to enter

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30
Q

conjunctiva

A

thin layer, lubricates the eyes

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31
Q

choroid

A

filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye (all blood supply)

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32
Q

iris

A

2 layers of pigmented smooth muscle, regulates the diameter of pupil

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33
Q

ciliary muscles

A

change the shape of the lens

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34
Q

pupil

A

hole in the center of iris that allow light to enter

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35
Q

retina

A

photoreceptors (rods and cones) that detect light waves, conversion of light energy to electric energy (most important)

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36
Q

cones do…

A

color vision

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37
Q

rods do…

A

low light levels

38
Q

fovea

A

greatest visual acuity; will see the best; high concentration of rods/cones

39
Q

optic disk

A

optic nerve and blood vessels supplying the eye pass through the retina- blind spot

40
Q

Aqueous humor

A

supplies nutrients to cornea and lens

41
Q

Vitreous humor

A

maintains spherical structure of eye (helps with structure of the eye)

42
Q

nasal retina-nearest the nose

A

information from the nasal half of each retina crosses the midline in the optic chiasm and projects to the contralateral visual cortex

43
Q

temporal retina

A

nearest the temporal bone: information from each temporal half continues ipsilaterally through the optic chiasm to the ipsilateral cortex

44
Q

left nasal field and right temporal field = _______ visual field

A

right visual field

45
Q

left nasal hemiretina and right temporal hemiretina =

A

right optic tract

46
Q

the lateral rectus does

A

abduction (away from the nose)

47
Q

the medial rectus does

A

adduction (towards the nose)

48
Q

the inferior rectus does

A

down movement of eye

49
Q

superior rectus does

A

up movement of eye

50
Q

inferior oblique does

A

extorsion (ER-upper pole of the eye outward), elevation, and abduction
- rolling of eyes

51
Q

superior oblique

A

intorsion (IR), depression, and abduction
-looking @ nose

52
Q

what 3 nerves control the eye movements

A

CN III, IV, VI

53
Q

lateral rectus is innervated by

A

CN VI (abducens)

54
Q

medial rectus is innervated by

A

CN III (oculomotor)

55
Q

inferior rectus is innervated by

A

CN III (oculomotor)

56
Q

superior rectus is innervated by

A

CN III (oculomotor)

57
Q

inferior oblique is innervated by

A

CN III (oculomotor)

58
Q

superior oblique is innervated by

A

CN IV (Trochlear)

59
Q

oscillopsia

A

bouncing gaze - reflex is messed up; not muscles

60
Q

gaze stabilization

A

keeping the position of the eyes stable during head movements to ensure that the environment does not appear to bounce

61
Q

direction of gaze

A

directing the gaze at visual targets

62
Q

eye movements: conjugate

A

both eyes move in the same direction (up, down, left, right)
- finger towards nose

63
Q

Eye movements: vergence

A

eyes move toward the midline or away from the midline (cross-eyed)
- finger away from nose

64
Q

saccades is

A

fast eye movements to switch gaze from one object to another

65
Q

smooth pursuits is

A

eye movements that are used to follow a moving object

66
Q

gaze jumping from finger to finger is an example of

A

saccades

67
Q

gaze when following a pencil is an example of

A

smooth pursuits

68
Q

reading a book is which type of gaze

A

mixture of saccades and smooth pursuits

69
Q

vestibular information is essential for

A

postural control, especially during movements of head

70
Q

vestibular information assists with

A

eye movements to keep the visual field stable with head motion to allow clear vision

71
Q

outer ear (air filled) parts and job

A

pinna and external auditory meatus
directs sound waves into the auditory canal

72
Q

middle ear (air filled) parts and job

A
  • tympanic membrane (separates inner ear from middle ear)
  • 3 auditory ossicles, oval window and round window
  • amplification of sound waves to transmit them from air to fluid environment
73
Q

inner ear (fluid filled) parts and job

A
  • associated with hearing (cochlea) and equilibrium (semicircular canals)
  • vestibulocochlear nerve contains afferents for hearing and equilibrium
74
Q

pathway of sound**

A
75
Q

peripheral vestibular system is made up of

A

semicircular canals and otolith organs

76
Q

semicircular canals are

A

anterior, posterior, and lateral canals

77
Q

otolith organs are

A

utricle and saccule

78
Q

hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous mass called the

A

cupula

79
Q

each of the 3 semicircular canals opens into the

A

utricle

80
Q

bony labyrinth

A

contains the 3 semicircular canals, cochlea and 2 otoliths.
- filled with perilymphatic

81
Q

membranous labyrinth

A

thin layer of tissue suspended within the bony labyrinth and contains endolymphatic fluid

82
Q

anterior canal detects which movement of the head?

A

detects the rotation of head up and down, YES motion, sagittal plane

83
Q

posterior canal detects which movement of the head?

A

detects the rotation of head up and down to side, coronal plane (circling head)

84
Q

lateral canal detects which movement of the head?

A

detects the rotation of head from side to side, no motion, transverse plane

85
Q

macula is

A
  • hair projecting from hair cells are embedded in a gelatinous material
  • atop gelatinous material are otoliths
  • are NOT sensitive to rotation but responds to head position relative to gravity (acceleration and deceleration
86
Q

vestibular nuclei is located

A

at the pons

87
Q

where does information from the semicircular canals and otolith organs go?

A

from the vestibular nerve to the vestibular nuclei in the pons and medulla, and to the flocculonodular lobe in the cerebellum

88
Q

one major function of the vestibular nuclei is to…

A

coordinate movements of the eyes and head to allow for stable visual fixation during head movement

89
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

part of the inner ear that detects position and movement of the head; it consists of the semicircular canals, saccule, and utricle

90
Q

otolithic organs

A

anatomic site of sensory receptors (utricle, saccule) that respond to head position relative to gravity and to linear acceleration and deceleration of the head

91
Q

vestibular nuclei

A

site of synapse between the first- and second-order neurons that convey information about head position and head movement

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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