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Neuroanatomy > Week 2 content (Diencephalon, Brainstem Region, Cerebellum) > Flashcards

Week 2 content (Diencephalon, Brainstem Region, Cerebellum) Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the brain is the diencephalon in?

A

forebrain

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2
Q

parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland

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3
Q

what is the largest subdivision of the diencephalon

A

thalamus

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4
Q

location of hypothalamus

A

inferior and anterior to the thalamus

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5
Q

location of epithalamus

A

posterior to thalamus

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6
Q

location of subthalamus

A

inferior to thalamus (coronal section)

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7
Q

location of pineal gland

A

posterior to thalamus

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8
Q

location of pituitary gland

A

inferior and anterior to thalamus

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9
Q

thalamus shape

A

large egg-shaped

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10
Q

what is the thalamus’s job?

A

regulates the flow of information, relay station; receives info from basal ganglia, cerebellum and all sensory systems except olfactory; processes info, relays info to the specific areas of cerebral cortex

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11
Q

anatomically, thalamus can be divided into 3 major groups

A

anterior, medial, lateral; lateral also divided into ventral and dorsal tiers

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12
Q

which sensory pathway is used for pain

A

spinothalamic pathway

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13
Q

which sensory pathway is used for touch and proprioception

A

dorsal column/medial lemniscus pathway (DCML)

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14
Q

Everything going into the brain goes through what portion of the brain

A

thalamus

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15
Q

thalamus relays information for every nerve except

A

olfactory

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16
Q

Relay nuclei convey info from the…

A

sensory systems (except olfactory), the basal ganglia, or the cerebellum to the cerebral cortex

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17
Q

all relay nuclei are found in the ________ of the lateral group

A

ventral tier

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18
Q

what is the relay nuclei’s job

A

to receive specific information and serve as a relay station by sending info directly to the localized area of the cerebral cortex

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19
Q

Association nuclei process…

A

emotional and some memory info or integrate different types of sensation

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20
Q

Association nuclei are found in the…

A

anterior thalamus, medial thalamus, and dorsal tier of the lateral thalamus

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21
Q

Nonspecific nuclei does…

A

it regulates consciousness, arousal, and attention

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22
Q

Relay nuclei is involved with

A

hearing and vision

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23
Q

Association nuclei is involved with

A

emotions/memory

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24
Q

Nonspecific nuclei is involved with

A

arousal and attention

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25
Q

Nuclei: ventral anterior

A

Function: motor
Afferents: globus pallidus
Efferents: motor planning areas

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26
Q

Nuclei: ventral lateral

A

Function: motor
Afferents: dentate
Efferents: motor cortex, motor planning areas

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27
Q

Nuclei: ventral posterolateral

A

Function: somatic sensation from body
Afferents: spinothalamic and medial lemniscus paths
Efferents: somatosensory cortex

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28
Q

Nuclei: ventral posteromedial

A

Function: somatic sensation from face
Afferents: sensory nucleus trigeminal nerve
Efferents: somatosensory cortex

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29
Q

Nuclei: medial geniculate

A

Function: hearing
Afferents: inferior colliculus
Efferents: auditory cortex

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30
Q

Nuclei: lateral geniculate

A

Function: vision
Afferents: optic tract
Efferents: visual cortex

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31
Q

Nuclei: medial group

A

Function: Emotions
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with emotion areas

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32
Q

Nuclei: anterior

A

Function: memory
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with memory areas

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33
Q

Nuclei: lateral dorsal

A

Function: Memory
Afferents & Efferents: reciprocal with memory areas

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34
Q

Nuclei: midline

A

Function: memory
Afferents: hippocampus
Efferents: prefrontal cortex

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35
Q

Nuclei: intralaminar

A

Function: arousal and attention
Afferents: ascending reticular system
Efferents: widespread areas of cortex

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36
Q

Thalamic lesions affect every sense except

A

smell

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37
Q

thalamic lesions involving the relay nuclei interrupt ascending pathways which

A

severely compromising or eliminating contralateral sensation

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38
Q

thalamic pain syndrome is also considered

A

unconsciousness

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39
Q

bilateral thalamic lesions affects

A

consciousness

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40
Q

hypothalamus regulates which hormones

A

pituitary, oxytocin, ADH

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41
Q

hypothalamus job

A

regulate homeostasis; essential for individual and species survival; integrates behaviors with visceral functions

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42
Q

functions orchestrated by hypothalamus include:

A
  • endocrine regulation of growth, metabolism, and reproductive organs
  • satiety and hunger center: water intake, eating
  • emotional expression of pleasure, rage, fear, and aversion
  • effects on autonomic nervous system: adjustment of body temperature, metabolic rate, blood pressure
  • regulation of circadian rhythms (including sleep-wake cycles) in concert with other brain regions
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43
Q

what connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland

A

pituitary stalk

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44
Q

posterior pituitary hormones

A

oxytocin and ADH

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45
Q

oxytocin action

A

elicits milk expulsion in lactating females; uterus contraction, causing labor and delivery

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46
Q

ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) action

A

increasing the reabsorption of water in the kidneys and preventing excretion of large amounts of urine

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47
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

FSH and LH, GH, prolactin, ACTH, TSH

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48
Q

FSH and LH action

A

synthesis of estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

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49
Q

GH (growth hormone) action

A

overall growth

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50
Q

prolactin action

A

stimulates milk production

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51
Q

ACTH action

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

52
Q

TSH action

A

stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones

53
Q

major structure of the epithalamus

A

pineal gland

54
Q

pineal gland function

A

help regulate circadian rhythms (melatonin)

55
Q

subthalamus function

A

regulating movement

56
Q

location of brainstem

A

between cerebrum and spinal cord

57
Q

portions of brainstem

A

medulla, pons, and midbrain

58
Q

four functional groupings of brainstem

A

cranial nerve nuclei and related structures, long tracts, cerebellar circuits, reticular formation

59
Q

sensory tracts travel _______ in the brainstem

A

up

60
Q

motor tracts travel ________ in the brainstem

A

down

61
Q

motor tracts are also known as

A

basilar (anterior)

62
Q

sensory tracts are also known as

A

tegmentum (posterior)

63
Q

tectum in midbrain includes structure that are involved in

A

reflexive control of intrinsic and extrinsic eye muscles and in movements of the head

64
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory

65
Q

CN II

A

Optic

66
Q

CN III

A

Oculomotor

67
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

68
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal

69
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

70
Q

CN VII

A

Facial

71
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear

72
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal

73
Q

CN X

A

Vagus

74
Q

CN XI

A

Accessory

75
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal

76
Q

What CN are in forebrain

A

CN 1 & 2

77
Q

What CN are in midbrain

A

CN 3, 4

78
Q

What CN are in pons

A

CN 5, 6, 7, 8

79
Q

What CN are in Medulla

A

CN 9, 10, 11, 12

80
Q

if a CN has both motor and sensory functions, it is found that it has ________

A

2 nuclei (means the CN are not only in “specific” areas

81
Q

function of CN I

A

sense of smell

82
Q

Function of CN II

A

vision

83
Q

Function of CN III

A

eye movements; eye up, down, and medial; constriction of pupils, tear ducts

84
Q

Function of CN IV

A

eye movements; downward gaze

85
Q

Function of CN V

A

biting down, muscles of mastication

86
Q

Function of CN VI

A

eye movements; lateral

87
Q

function of CN VII

A

expressions, taste

88
Q

function of CN VIII

A

hearing, balance

89
Q

function of CN IX

A

visceral sensation

90
Q

function of CN X

A

motor control, autonomic functions of gut

91
Q

function of CN XI

A

shoulder and neck muscles

92
Q

function of CN XII

A

movements of the tongue

93
Q

dorsal column/medial lemniscus system (touch) crosses over in

A

medulla

94
Q

spinothalamic pathway (pain/temp) crosses over where

A

doesnt wait to cross over. happens where sensation was felt

95
Q

what is a peduncle

A

tracts; bundle of axons

96
Q

superior peduncle action

A

connects midbrain to cerebellum

97
Q

middle peduncle action

A

connects pons to cerebellum

98
Q

inferior peduncle action

A

connects medulla to cerebellum

99
Q

summary of cerebellar functions:

A

coordination of movement, balance, and posture

100
Q

what is the reticular formation

A

a complex neural network that includes the reticular nuclei, their connections, and ascending and descending reticular pathways

101
Q

where is the reticular formation located

A

in brainstem tegmentum

102
Q

Ascending Reticular Activating System (ARAS) consists of

A

midbrain and upper pons; maintain alert conscious state in the forebrain

103
Q

Caudal reticular formation consists of

A

pons and medulla; motor, reflex, and autonomic

104
Q

a coma is dysfunction of which reticular system?

A

ARAS; dysfunction of upper brainstem

105
Q

What part of the brainstem is this?

A

upper midbrain; due to cerebral aqueduct, trigeminal lemniscus, red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus

106
Q

What part of the brainstem is this?

A

junction of midbrain and pons

107
Q

Tectum contains the

A

pretectal area and the colliculi

108
Q

pretectal area is involved in

A

reflexes of the eye

109
Q

inferior colliculi relays

A

auditory info from the cochlear nuclei to superior colliculus, medial geniculate body of thalamus, and reticular activating system

110
Q

superior colliculi receives

A

sensory and motor information are involved in reflexive eye and head movements

111
Q

reticular activating system

A

activates entire nervous system

112
Q

what area is this?

A

upper pons

113
Q

what area is this?

A

lower pons

114
Q

stroke of the pons results in

A

loss of balance, facial drooping, no lateral eye tracking, difficulty chewing, and paralyzes.

115
Q

What are the two vertical bulges of the medulla called

A

pyramids

116
Q

what are the two small oval lumps on the medulla called

A

olives

117
Q

what area is this

A

upper medulla

118
Q

what area is this

A

inferior medulla

119
Q

functions of the medulla

A
  • contributes to control of head movements
  • coordinates swallowing
  • helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory, and visceral activity
120
Q

what is the cerebellum best at?

A

coordination!!!! of ongoing movement

121
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla, inferior to occipital lobe

122
Q

tentorium cerebelli separates

A

the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

123
Q

what is this

A

vermis

124
Q

spinocerebellum

A

(vermis and paravermal regions) integrates proprioceptive info
precentral gyrus –> cerebellum for coordination –> to person

125
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

(lateral hemisphere) coordinates precise distal voluntary movement
coordination of fine distal movements

126
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

(flocculonodular lobe; flocculus and nodulus) integrates visual and vestibular input to coordinate motor activities for posture, head, and eye movements
coordination of head and eye movements

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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