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Neuroanatomy > Quiz 2 content (cerebellum, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, spinal cord and PN) > Flashcards

Quiz 2 content (cerebellum, basal ganglia, subcortical white matter, spinal cord and PN) Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cerebellum best at?

A

coordination!!!! of ongoing movement

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2
Q

where is the cerebellum located

A

posterior cranial fossa behind pons and medulla, inferior to occipital lobe

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3
Q

tentorium cerebelli separates

A

the cerebellum from the occipital lobe

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4
Q

what is this

A

vermis

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5
Q

spinocerebellum

A

(vermis and paravermal regions) integrates proprioceptive info
precentral gyrus –> cerebellum for coordination –> to person

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6
Q

cerebrocerebellum

A

(lateral hemisphere) coordinates precise distal voluntary movement
coordination of fine distal movements

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7
Q

vestibulocerebellum

A

(flocculonodular lobe; flocculus and nodulus) integrates visual and vestibular input to coordinate motor activities for posture, head, and eye movements
coordination of head and eye movements

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8
Q

where is the olive located?

A

in the medulla

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9
Q

what kind of cells are a part of the cerebellar cortex?

A

purkinje cells

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10
Q

what do purkinje cells do?

A

fan out; connect to other dendrites

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11
Q

how does the cerebellum attach to the brainstem?

A

through the peduncles (superior, middle, and inferior)

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12
Q

the midbrain connects to the cerebellum through…

A

superior peduncle

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13
Q

the pons connects to the cerebellum through…

A

middle peduncle

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14
Q

the medulla connects to the cerebellum through…

A

inferior peduncle

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15
Q

blue

A

anterior lobe of cerebellum

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16
Q

red

A

superior, middle, and lower peduncles

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17
Q

orange

A

posterior lobe of cerebellum

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18
Q

green

A

nodulus

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19
Q

blue

A

vermis

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20
Q

red

A

anterior lobe

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21
Q

green

A

posterior lobe of cerebellum

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22
Q

green

A

superior cerebellar peduncle

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23
Q

blue

A

middle cerebellar peduncle

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24
Q

red

A

inferior cerebellar peduncle

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25
Q

yellow

A

flocculus

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26
Q

pink

A

cerebellar tonsils

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27
Q

purple

A

nodulus

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28
Q

what is floccular nodular node made up of?

A

flocculus and nodulus

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29
Q

red

A

vermis

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30
Q

orange

A

paravermis

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31
Q

green

A

lateral hemisphere

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32
Q

corticospinal tract is…

A

motor activity of fine movements

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33
Q

functional divisions of the cerebellum

A

equilibrium; gross movements of the limbs; fine, distal, voluntary movements

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34
Q

equilibrium is regulated by the

A

vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe)

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35
Q

gross movements of the limbs are coordinated by the

A

spinocerebellum (receives proprioceptive info from muscle spindles and control ongoing movement through motor tracts and lower motor neurons)

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36
Q

fine, distal, voluntary movements are coordinated by the

A

cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres)

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37
Q

vestibulocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function

A

vestibular apparatus, vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei
coordinate eye and head movements

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38
Q

spinocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function

A

spinal cord, vestibular nuclei
vestibular nuclei, reticular nuclei, motor cortex
neck and postural muscles, gross limb movements

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39
Q

cerebrocerebellum: receives input from, sends output to, and function

A

cerebreal cortex
motor cortex, red nucleus
lateral corticospinal tract (fine movements), rubrospinal tract (extend wrist and fingers)

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40
Q

cerebellar ataxia

A

drunken gait, uncoordinated movement

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41
Q

intentional tremors

A

ex: want to grab a cup and they start shaking

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42
Q

dysdiadochokinesia

A

automatic movement (supination vs pronation)
- not able to coordinate

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43
Q

dysmetria

A

ex: reach too far/short for an object (distance problem w/ muscles)

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44
Q

dysarthria

A

speech muscles affected

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45
Q

decomposition

A

movement is broken up, glitchy

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46
Q

paravermal lesions result in

A

gait and limb ataxia

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47
Q

lateral cerebellar lesions result in

A

hand ataxia

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48
Q

lesions to vermal and flocculonodular lobe result in

A

truncal ataxia/gait ataxia, nystagmus

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49
Q

ipsilateral lesion (if one side is damaged)

A

it crosses over to other side but then crosses back over when coming back down

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50
Q

cerebral cortex lesion is (contralateral or ipsilateral)

A

contralateral

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51
Q

cerebellum lesion is (contralateral or ipsilateral)

A

ipsilateral

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52
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of nuclei
*group of cell bodies

53
Q

red

A

caudate body

54
Q

orange

A

subthalamic nucleus

55
Q

green

A

substantia nigra

56
Q

blue

A

caudate tail

57
Q

purple

A

globus pallidus internus

58
Q

pink

A

globus pallidus externus

59
Q

yellow

A

caudate head

60
Q

grey

A

putamen

61
Q

caudate and putamen make up the

A

striatum

62
Q

putamen and globus pallidus make up the

A

lentiform nucleus

63
Q

basal ganglia releases

A

dopamine

64
Q

input nuclei of basal ganglia

A

caudate and putamen (striatum), subthalamic nuclei

65
Q

output nuclei of basal ganglia

A

substantia nigra pars reiculata and globus pallidus internrus (GPi)

66
Q

motor functions of basal ganglia

A

initiation of movement (green lights)
suppression of unwanted movements (red lights)

67
Q

non-motor functions of basal ganglia

A

decision making, judgment, prioritizing information, emotional processing and responses, learning, eye movements, selecting desired behavior, preventing undesired behavior

68
Q

what are the 5 cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic loop

A

goal directed behavior
social behavior loop
emotion loop
motor loop
oculomotor

69
Q

non motor circuits

A

goal directed behavior, social behavior, and emotion loop

70
Q

motor circuits

A

motor loop (direct and indirect pathway)
oculomotor loop

71
Q

ALL loops go through

A

basal ganglia

72
Q

goal directed behavior loop

A

mainly short term memory
evaluating information for making decisions, planning and choosing actions
head of caudate
lateral prefrontal cortex

73
Q

social behavior loop

A

appropriate behavior
ventral prefrontal cortex
personality
recognizes social cues, regulates self control

74
Q

emotion loop

A

responsible for integrating emotion and facial expression, seeking rewards, predictions when outcome is unknown, addictions
basal ganglia stroke - depression, emotional blunting
medial prefrontal cortex

75
Q

oculomotor loop

A

body of the caudate is part of an oculomotor loop
makes decision about spatial attention and eye movements

76
Q

motor loops are important for

A

planning and programming of movement by selecting and inhibiting specific motor strategies
initiation of movement

77
Q

direct motor pathway

A

initiation of voluntary movement
go pathway
cortex to putamen to globus pallidus to thalamus and back to cortex

78
Q

indirect motor pathway

A

BG involves the GPe, subthalamic nucleus, GPi, substantia nigra reticuclata
suppresses unwanted movements
NoGo pathway

79
Q

Subcortical white matter is

A

all white matter consists of myelinated axons

80
Q

Subcortical WM fibers are put into 3 categories

A

projection fibers, commissural fibers, association fibers

81
Q

projection fibers extend

A

from subcortical structure to the cerebral cortex
all travel through internal capsule

82
Q

parts of internal capsule

A

anterior limb, genu, posterior limb

83
Q

commissural fibers

A

connect homologous areas of the cerebral hemispheres
(corpus callosum is the largest

84
Q

callosotomy

A

done for seizures, surgically removed; prevents excessive firing from spreading

85
Q

Association fibers

A

connect cortical regions within one hemisphere (short and long)

86
Q

short association fibers connects

A

adjacent gyri

87
Q

long association fibers connect

A

lobes within one hemisphere

88
Q

cingulum connects which cortices

A

frontal, parietal, and temporal lobe

89
Q

uncinate fasciculus connects

A

frontal and temporal lobe cortices

90
Q

superior longitudinal fasciculus connects

A

cortices of all lobes

91
Q

inferior longitudinal fasciculus connects

A

temporal and occipital lobes

92
Q

what are meninges

A

layers that protect spinal cord and brain
(dura, arachnoid, and pia mater)

93
Q

dorsal root + ventral root =

A

spinal nerve
divides into dorsal and ventral ramus
contains both motor and sensory

94
Q

dorsal horn processes

A

sensory information

95
Q

ventral/anterior horn processes

A

motor information

96
Q

lateral horn processes

A

autonomic information

97
Q

how many spinal cord segments are there for each section of the spine (C, T, L, S, C)

A

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

98
Q

spinal nerves are named for…

A

the vertebral level where they exit the vertebral canal

99
Q

collection of nerve roots inferior to the spinal cord within the bony canal

A

cauda equina

100
Q

spinal nerves carry

A

all motor, autonomic and sensory axons of a single spinal segment

101
Q

UE myotomes: C1-2

A

cervical flexion

102
Q

UE myotomes: C3

A

cervical side-bend

103
Q

UE myotomes: C4

A

scapular elevation

104
Q

UE myotomes: C5

A

GH abduction

105
Q

UE myotomes: C6

A

elbow flexion

106
Q

UE myotomes: C7

A

elbow extension

107
Q

UE myotomes: C8

A

thumb abduction

108
Q

UE myotomes: T1

A

5th finger extension

109
Q

LE myotomes: L1-L2

A

hip flexion

110
Q

LE myotomes: L3

A

Knee extension

111
Q

LE myotomes: L4

A

ankle dorsiflexion

112
Q

LE myotomes: L5

A

Great toe extension

113
Q

LE myotomes: L5-S1

A

plantar flexion

114
Q

LE myotomes: S1-S2

A

plantar flexion and eversion

115
Q

Dura mater

A

tough outer layer

116
Q

arachnoid mater

A

separated from pia by cerebrospinal fluid in the subarachnoid space

117
Q

pia mater

A

closely adheres to the spinal cord surface

118
Q

epidural space

A

between dura and vertebrae

119
Q

subdural space

A

between arachnoid and dura

120
Q

subarachnoid space

A

between arachnoid and pia

121
Q

peripheral nerves

A

including all neural structures (axons of sensory, motor, and autonomic neurons) distal to the spinal nerves

122
Q

cutaneous branches of peripheral nerves

A

supply the skin and subcutaneous tissues, including sensory and autonomic related information

123
Q

muscular branches of peripheral nerves

A

supply the muscles, tendons, and joints

124
Q

endoneurium

A

separates individual axons

125
Q

perineurium

A

surrounds bundles of axons (fascicles)

126
Q

epineurium

A

encloses the entire nerve trunk

127
Q

spinal nerve lesions are tested with

A

myotomes/dermatomes
(ex: C8 spinal nerves lesion)

128
Q

peripheral nerve lesions are tested with

A

MMT and muscles
(ex: median nerve lesion)

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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