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Neuroanatomy > Lab Exam 1 > Flashcards

Lab Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

A thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

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2
Q

What is the pituitary gland?

A

A small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates various hormonal functions.

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3
Q

What is the foramen magnum?

A

The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.

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4
Q

What is the tentorium cerebelli?

A

A fold of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.

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5
Q

What is the falx cerebri?

A

A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.

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6
Q

What is the parietooccipital sulcus?

A

A prominent sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.

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7
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

A part of the limbic lobe involved in emotion formation and processing.

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8
Q

What is the sagittal fissure?

A

The deep groove that divides the brain into left and right hemispheres.

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9
Q

What is the central sulcus?

A

A prominent landmark of the brain that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.

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10
Q

What is the lateral fissure?

A

A deep fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.

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11
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

The gyrus located just anterior to the central sulcus, responsible for motor control.

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12
Q

What is the postcentral gyrus?

A

The gyrus located just posterior to the central sulcus, responsible for somatosensory processing.

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13
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

A gyrus located in the frontal lobe, involved in language processing.

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14
Q

What is the temporal lobe?

A

A region of the cerebral cortex associated with processing auditory information and memory.

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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

The part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.

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16
Q

What is the parietal lobe?

A

The region of the brain that processes sensory information from the body.

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17
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

The part of the brain responsible for visual processing.

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18
Q

What are the primary areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Regions of the cerebral cortex responsible for specific sensory or motor functions.

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19
Q

What are the secondary areas of the cerebral cortex?

A

Regions that process information from primary areas and integrate sensory input.

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20
Q

What are different association cortices?

A

Areas of the cerebral cortex that integrate information from multiple sensory modalities.

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21
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

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22
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A region of the brain that controls various autonomic functions and regulates homeostasis.

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23
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

An endocrine gland that produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.

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24
Q

What is the midbrain?

A

A portion of the brainstem involved in vision, hearing, and motor control.

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25
Q

What is the pons?

A

A part of the brainstem that connects the medulla to the midbrain and regulates sleep and arousal.

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26
Q

What is the medulla?

A

The lower part of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions.

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27
Q

What is the tectum of the midbrain?

A

The dorsal part of the midbrain involved in auditory and visual reflexes.

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28
Q

What are cranial nerves?

A

Nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, responsible for sensory and motor functions.

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29
Q

What is the brainstem?

A

The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.

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30
Q

What are horizontal sections of the brainstem?

A

Cross-sectional views of the brainstem used for anatomical studies.

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31
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

A brain structure that regulates coordination and balance.

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32
Q

What is the cerebellum anterior view?

A

A view of the cerebellum from the front.

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33
Q

What is the cerebellum posterior view?

A

A view of the cerebellum from the back.

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34
Q

What is the cerebellum midsagittal view?

A

A view of the cerebellum from the side, showing its midline structure.

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35
Q

What are cerebellar peduncles?

A

Bundles of nerve fibers that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.

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36
Q

What is the vermis?

A

The narrow, central part of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres.

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37
Q

What is the cerebellum lateral hemisphere?

A

The outer regions of the cerebellum involved in fine motor control.

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38
Q

What is the flocculus?

A

A small lobe of the cerebellum involved in balance and eye movements.

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39
Q

What is the nodulus?

A

A part of the cerebellum involved in vestibular functions.

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40
Q

What is the spinocerebellum?

A

The part of the cerebellum that receives input from the spinal cord and is involved in posture and movement.

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41
Q

What is the vestibulocerebellum?

A

The part of the cerebellum that helps maintain balance and eye movements.

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42
Q

What is the cerebrocerebellum?

A

The part of the cerebellum involved in planning and timing of movements.

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43
Q

what is number 3?

A

corpus callosum

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44
Q
A

Thalamus

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45
Q
A

Hypothalamus

46
Q
A

Brainstem - Midbrain

47
Q
A

Pons

48
Q
A

Brainstem - Medulla

49
Q
A

Pineal Gland (epithalamus)

50
Q
A

pituitary gland

51
Q
A

Foramen magnum

52
Q

(not a lobe but barrier)

A

Tentorium cerebelli

53
Q
A

Falx cerebei

54
Q
A

Parietooccipital sulcus

55
Q
A

Tectum of midbrain

56
Q

what is the purple area?

A

Tectum of midbrain

57
Q
A

Cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe)

58
Q
A

Sagittal fissure / Longitudinal fissure

59
Q
A

Central sulcus

60
Q
A

Lateral fissure

61
Q
A

Precentral gyrus

62
Q
A

Post central gyrus

63
Q
A

Inferior frontal gyrus

64
Q
A

Temporal lobe

65
Q
A

Frontal lobe

66
Q
A

Parietal lobe

67
Q
A

Occipital lobe

68
Q
A

Brainstem

69
Q

What view?

A

Cerebellum - anterior view

70
Q

What view?

A

Cerebellum - posterior view

71
Q

What view?

A

Cerebellum - midsagittal view

72
Q
A

Cerebellum - cerebellar peduncle (superior)

73
Q

what is the yellow section?

A

cerebellar peduncle (middle)

74
Q

yellow section?

A

cerebellar peduncle (inferior)

75
Q
A

vermis

76
Q
A

flocculus

77
Q

red circle?

A

nodulus

78
Q
A

lateral hemisphere

79
Q
A

spinocerebellum

80
Q
A

vestibulocerebellum

81
Q
A

cerebrocerebellum

82
Q
A

Tegmentum of midbrain

83
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

upper midbrain; due to cerebral aqueduct, trigeminal lemniscus, red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus

84
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

junction of midbrain and pons

85
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

upper pons

86
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

lower pons

87
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

upper medulla

88
Q

What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?

A

inferior medulla

89
Q
A

arachnoid matter

90
Q
A

Olfactory nerve (CN I)

sensory
sense of smell

91
Q
A

Optic nerve (CN II)

sensory
vision

92
Q
A

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

motor
eye movements; papillary constriction and accommodation; muscles of eyelid

93
Q

(the yellow one)

A

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

motor
eye movements (intorsion, downward gaze)

94
Q
A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

sensory and motor
somatic sensation from face, mouth, cornea; muscles of mastication

95
Q
A

Abducens nerve (CN VI)

motor
eye movements (abduction or lateral movements)

96
Q
A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

sensory and motor
controls muscles of facial expression; taste from anterior tongue, lacrimal and salivary glands

97
Q
A

vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)

sensory
hearing; sense of balance

98
Q
A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

sensory and motor
sensation from posterior tongue and pharynx; taste form posterior tongue; carotid and baroreceptors

99
Q
A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

sensory and motor
autonomic = gut, sensation from larynx and pharynx; muscles of vocal cards; swallowing

100
Q
A

Accessory nerve (CN XI)

motor
shoulder and neck muscles

101
Q
A

Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

motor
movements of tongue

102
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Primary Somatosensory: located within central sulcus and on adjacent postcentral gyrus.

Function = Location of stimuli and discriminate among various sizes, shapes and textures of objects.

Lesion = Loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.

103
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Secondary Somatosensory (5,7):

Function = Stereognosis (the mental perception of depth or three-dimensionality by the senses, usually in reference to the ability to perceive the form of solid objects by touch) and memory of the tactile and spatial environment.

Lesion = Astereognosis (the inability to discriminate shape and size by touch and the inability to recognize objects by touch)

104
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Primary Auditory (41): Located in the lateral fissure and on adjacent superior temporal gyrus.

Conscious awareness of the intensity of sound
Function = Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of soundness.
Lesion = Loss of localization of sounds.

105
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Secondary Auditory (22, 42):

Function = Classification of sounds.
Lesion = Auditory agnosia (Impairments in sound perception and identification despite intact hearing, cognitive functioning, and language abilities).

106
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Primary Vestibular (40):

Function = Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical.
Lesion = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.

107
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Primary Visual (17): located in calcarine sulcus and on the adjacent gyrus.

Function = Light/ dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object.
Lesion = Homonymous hemianopia (visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes)

108
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Secondary Visual (22, 42):

Function = Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation.
Lesion =

Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognizing or identifying objects or people visually, despite having normal vision.
Optic ataxia: Condition characterized by difficulties in visually guiding movements, particularly reaching and grasping objects accurately.

109
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Primary Motor (4):

Function = Voluntary controlled movements
Lesion = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria

110
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Supplementary Motor (6):

Function = Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements
Lesion = Apraxia (condition that affects the ability to perform purposeful movements or sequences of movements, despite having the physical ability and understanding of the task)

111
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Premotor Area (lateral 6):

Function = Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
Lesion = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).

112
Q

cortical area?
function?
lesion?

A

Broca’s Area:

Function = Motor programming of speech (left hemi)
Lesion = Broca’s aphasia

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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