Lab Exam 1 Flashcards
What is the corpus callosum?
A thick band of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
What is the pituitary gland?
A small gland located at the base of the brain that regulates various hormonal functions.
What is the foramen magnum?
The large opening at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes.
What is the tentorium cerebelli?
A fold of dura mater that separates the cerebellum from the inferior portion of the occipital lobes.
What is the falx cerebri?
A sickle-shaped fold of dura mater that descends vertically in the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres.
What is the parietooccipital sulcus?
A prominent sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe.
What is the cingulate gyrus?
A part of the limbic lobe involved in emotion formation and processing.
What is the sagittal fissure?
The deep groove that divides the brain into left and right hemispheres.
What is the central sulcus?
A prominent landmark of the brain that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe.
What is the lateral fissure?
A deep fissure that separates the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobes.
What is the precentral gyrus?
The gyrus located just anterior to the central sulcus, responsible for motor control.
What is the postcentral gyrus?
The gyrus located just posterior to the central sulcus, responsible for somatosensory processing.
What is the inferior frontal gyrus?
A gyrus located in the frontal lobe, involved in language processing.
What is the temporal lobe?
A region of the cerebral cortex associated with processing auditory information and memory.
What is the frontal lobe?
The part of the brain associated with reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.
What is the parietal lobe?
The region of the brain that processes sensory information from the body.
What is the occipital lobe?
The part of the brain responsible for visual processing.
What are the primary areas of the cerebral cortex?
Regions of the cerebral cortex responsible for specific sensory or motor functions.
What are the secondary areas of the cerebral cortex?
Regions that process information from primary areas and integrate sensory input.
What are different association cortices?
Areas of the cerebral cortex that integrate information from multiple sensory modalities.
What is the thalamus?
A brain structure that relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.
What is the hypothalamus?
A region of the brain that controls various autonomic functions and regulates homeostasis.
What is the pineal gland?
An endocrine gland that produces melatonin, regulating sleep-wake cycles.
What is the midbrain?
A portion of the brainstem involved in vision, hearing, and motor control.
What is the pons?
A part of the brainstem that connects the medulla to the midbrain and regulates sleep and arousal.
What is the medulla?
The lower part of the brainstem that controls vital autonomic functions.
What is the tectum of the midbrain?
The dorsal part of the midbrain involved in auditory and visual reflexes.
What are cranial nerves?
Nerves that emerge directly from the brain and brainstem, responsible for sensory and motor functions.
What is the brainstem?
The part of the brain that connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord and controls basic life functions.
What are horizontal sections of the brainstem?
Cross-sectional views of the brainstem used for anatomical studies.
What is the cerebellum?
A brain structure that regulates coordination and balance.
What is the cerebellum anterior view?
A view of the cerebellum from the front.
What is the cerebellum posterior view?
A view of the cerebellum from the back.
What is the cerebellum midsagittal view?
A view of the cerebellum from the side, showing its midline structure.
What are cerebellar peduncles?
Bundles of nerve fibers that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.
What is the vermis?
The narrow, central part of the cerebellum that connects the two hemispheres.
What is the cerebellum lateral hemisphere?
The outer regions of the cerebellum involved in fine motor control.
What is the flocculus?
A small lobe of the cerebellum involved in balance and eye movements.
What is the nodulus?
A part of the cerebellum involved in vestibular functions.
What is the spinocerebellum?
The part of the cerebellum that receives input from the spinal cord and is involved in posture and movement.
What is the vestibulocerebellum?
The part of the cerebellum that helps maintain balance and eye movements.
What is the cerebrocerebellum?
The part of the cerebellum involved in planning and timing of movements.
what is number 3?
corpus callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem - Midbrain
Pons
Brainstem - Medulla
Pineal Gland (epithalamus)
pituitary gland
Foramen magnum
(not a lobe but barrier)
Tentorium cerebelli
Falx cerebei
Parietooccipital sulcus
Tectum of midbrain
what is the purple area?
Tectum of midbrain
Cingulate gyrus (limbic lobe)
Sagittal fissure / Longitudinal fissure
Central sulcus
Lateral fissure
Precentral gyrus
Post central gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus
Temporal lobe
Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Brainstem
What view?
Cerebellum - anterior view
What view?
Cerebellum - posterior view
What view?
Cerebellum - midsagittal view
Cerebellum - cerebellar peduncle (superior)
what is the yellow section?
cerebellar peduncle (middle)
yellow section?
cerebellar peduncle (inferior)
vermis
flocculus
red circle?
nodulus
lateral hemisphere
spinocerebellum
vestibulocerebellum
cerebrocerebellum
Tegmentum of midbrain
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
upper midbrain; due to cerebral aqueduct, trigeminal lemniscus, red nucleus, oculomotor nucleus
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
junction of midbrain and pons
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
upper pons
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
lower pons
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
upper medulla
What horizontal section of the brainstem is this?
inferior medulla
arachnoid matter
Olfactory nerve (CN I)
sensory
sense of smell
Optic nerve (CN II)
sensory
vision
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
motor
eye movements; papillary constriction and accommodation; muscles of eyelid
(the yellow one)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
motor
eye movements (intorsion, downward gaze)
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
sensory and motor
somatic sensation from face, mouth, cornea; muscles of mastication
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
motor
eye movements (abduction or lateral movements)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
sensory and motor
controls muscles of facial expression; taste from anterior tongue, lacrimal and salivary glands
vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
sensory
hearing; sense of balance
Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
sensory and motor
sensation from posterior tongue and pharynx; taste form posterior tongue; carotid and baroreceptors
Vagus nerve (CN X)
sensory and motor
autonomic = gut, sensation from larynx and pharynx; muscles of vocal cards; swallowing
Accessory nerve (CN XI)
motor
shoulder and neck muscles
Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
motor
movements of tongue
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Primary Somatosensory: located within central sulcus and on adjacent postcentral gyrus.
Function = Location of stimuli and discriminate among various sizes, shapes and textures of objects.
Lesion = Loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Secondary Somatosensory (5,7):
Function = Stereognosis (the mental perception of depth or three-dimensionality by the senses, usually in reference to the ability to perceive the form of solid objects by touch) and memory of the tactile and spatial environment.
Lesion = Astereognosis (the inability to discriminate shape and size by touch and the inability to recognize objects by touch)
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Primary Auditory (41): Located in the lateral fissure and on adjacent superior temporal gyrus.
Conscious awareness of the intensity of sound
Function = Conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of soundness.
Lesion = Loss of localization of sounds.
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Secondary Auditory (22, 42):
Function = Classification of sounds.
Lesion = Auditory agnosia (Impairments in sound perception and identification despite intact hearing, cognitive functioning, and language abilities).
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Primary Vestibular (40):
Function = Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical.
Lesion = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Primary Visual (17): located in calcarine sulcus and on the adjacent gyrus.
Function = Light/ dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object.
Lesion = Homonymous hemianopia (visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes)
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Secondary Visual (22, 42):
Function = Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation.
Lesion =
Visual agnosia: Difficulty recognizing or identifying objects or people visually, despite having normal vision.
Optic ataxia: Condition characterized by difficulties in visually guiding movements, particularly reaching and grasping objects accurately.
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Primary Motor (4):
Function = Voluntary controlled movements
Lesion = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Supplementary Motor (6):
Function = Initiation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements
Lesion = Apraxia (condition that affects the ability to perform purposeful movements or sequences of movements, despite having the physical ability and understanding of the task)
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Premotor Area (lateral 6):
Function = Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments
Lesion = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
cortical area?
function?
lesion?
Broca’s Area:
Function = Motor programming of speech (left hemi)
Lesion = Broca’s aphasia
