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Neuroanatomy > Week 1 content (Intro and Cerebral Hemispheres) > Flashcards

Week 1 content (Intro and Cerebral Hemispheres) Flashcards

1
Q

what is a brain lesion?

A

the area of brain damage and dysfunction

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2
Q

DALYs

A

disability-adjusted life-years; the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability

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3
Q

what is the most common disease and cause of death

A

stroke

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4
Q

Nervous system is made up of

A

CNS and PNS

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5
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS) contains

A

brain (cerebral region, brainstem and cerebellar region)
spinal cord (all segments)
**protected by bone

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

all nervous system structures NOT encased in bone
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves

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7
Q

main parts of the human CNS

A

prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and spinal cord

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8
Q

what color is all nuclei in the brain?

A

all nuclei will be GREY

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9
Q

Portions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)

A

telencephalon and diencephalon

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10
Q

parts of the telencephalon/cerebral hemispheres

A

cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei

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11
Q

color of cerebral cortex

A

grey

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12
Q

what is basal ganglia?

A

groups of basal forebrain nuclei

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13
Q

parts of midbrain

A

cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum

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14
Q

parts of the brainstem

A

Midbrain, pons, medulla

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15
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: anterior =

A

rostral

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16
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: posterior=

A

caudal

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17
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: superior =

A

dorsal

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18
Q

anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: inferior =

A

ventral

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19
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: anterior =

A

ventral

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20
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: posterior =

A

dorsal

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21
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: superior =

A

rostral

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22
Q

anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: inferior =

A

caudal

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23
Q

sagittal plane of brain

A

right and left portions

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24
Q

midsagittal plane

A

directly down the middle

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25
Q

parasagittal plane

A

slightly off the center

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26
Q

horizontal or axial or transverse plane

A

above or below portion

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27
Q

coronal plane

A

anterior and posterior portions

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28
Q

basic unit of nervous system

A

neuron

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29
Q

what makes up a neuron

A

cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, pre-synaptic terminals

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30
Q

cell body of a neuron

A

uses info brought in

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31
Q

dendrites of a neuron

A

receives info

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32
Q

axon uses what to do its job

A

myelin

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33
Q

myelin

A

high fat content, appears white
doesn’t allow sodium and potassium exchange to sit still
doesn’t allow signal to get lost

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34
Q

pre-synaptic terminals

A

signals are sent to other dendrites

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35
Q

node of Ranvier

A

where K & Na transfer happens (continuing of signal flow)

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36
Q

gray matter

A

areas of the CNS that primarily contain neuronal CELL BODIES and dendrites

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37
Q

white matter

A

composed of axons, projections of the neurons

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38
Q

information is integrated in _______ matter

A

gray matter

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39
Q

groups of the cell bodies in the CNS are called

A

nucleus (thalamus, BASAL ganglia)

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40
Q

groups of the cell bodies in the PNS are called

A

ganglion (ganglia - plural)

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41
Q

______ convey info away from cell bodies, among different parts of the nervous system

A

axons

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42
Q

a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS is called

A

tract (long), lemniscus, column, or peduncle (circle)
**all white matter

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43
Q

Commissure define

A

white matter pathway that connects structures on the right and left sides of the body
in the midbrain (corpus callosum)

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44
Q

thin layer of gray matter covering each hemisphere

A

cerebral cortex

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45
Q

ridges in brain

A

gyrus

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46
Q

grooves in brain

A

sulcus

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47
Q
A

longitudinal fissure

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48
Q
A

central sulcus

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49
Q
A

pre-post central gyrus

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50
Q
A

pre-post central sulcus

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51
Q

precentral gyrus

A

stimulation of this area results in movement in the opposite half of the body
somatic motor cortex

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52
Q

postcentral gyrus

A

somatic sensory cortex
-helps you feel
-touch, all sensory

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53
Q

lateral fissure

A
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54
Q
A

frontal lobe

55
Q
A

parietal lobe

56
Q
A

occipital lobe

57
Q
A

temporal lobe

58
Q
A

insular cortex

59
Q
A

limbic cortex

60
Q

which lobe does emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior, personality, and voluntary movement

A

frontal

61
Q

which lobe does understanding speech

A

parietal

62
Q

which lobe does vision

A

occipital

63
Q

which lobe does hearing, balance

A

temporal

64
Q

which lobe does emotions?

A

limbic lobe/cortex

65
Q

which lobe is involved in visceral, autonomic and taste functions?

A

insular cortex/lobe

66
Q

olfactory bulb and tract

A

involved in smell

67
Q
A

inferior frontal gyrus

68
Q

inferior frontal gyrus

A

Broca’s area (44 and part of 45) on left side
planning of speech

69
Q

3 gyri in frontal lobe

A

superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus

70
Q

3 gryi in temporal lobe

A

superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus

71
Q

the superior temporal gyrus is the _______ area

A

acoustic area

72
Q

PNS afferent axons carry

A

information toward the CNS
- sensory info to CNS from hand touch

73
Q

PNS efferent axons carry

A

information away from the CNS
- carry motor commands from CNS to muscles

74
Q

how many brodmann’s areas are there

A

52

75
Q
A

postcentral gyrus

76
Q
A

postcentral sulcus

77
Q
A

superior temporal gyrus

78
Q
A

middle temporal gyrus

79
Q
A

inferior temporal gyrus

80
Q
A

Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure)

81
Q
A

superior frontal gyrus

82
Q
A

middle frontal gyrus

83
Q
A

inferior frontal gyrus

84
Q

primary sensory cortex

A

discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information

85
Q

secondary sensory cortex

A

performs more complex analysis of sensation

86
Q

primary motor cortex

A

provides descending control of motor output

87
Q

motor planning areas

A

organize movements

88
Q

association cortex

A

(broader) controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories

89
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

located: parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus, central sulcus

90
Q

cortex that has pain, temp, pressure, texture and proprioception stimuli

A

primary somatosensory cortex

91
Q

cortex where conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st sound location)

A

primary auditory cortex (located in lateral fissure and superior temporal gyrus)

92
Q

cortex where light/dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object is formed

A

primary visual cortex (located in calcarine sulcus

93
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st time you hear something, volume, pitch, pauses)

94
Q

Secondary sensory cortex performs

A

more complex analysis of sensation.
Secondary sensory areas analyze sensory input from the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex

95
Q

secondary somatosensory cortex does

A

stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment

96
Q

secondary visual cortex does

A

analysis of motion, color

97
Q

secondary auditory cortex does

A

classification of sounds

98
Q

define agnosia

A

the inability to recognize objects or make sense of the incoming information, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact

99
Q

types of agnosia

A

astereognosis/tactile agnosia
visual agnosia
auditory agnosia

100
Q

astereognosis

A

inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation

101
Q

where is the astereognosis lesion location

A

secondary somatosensory cortex

102
Q

visual agnosia

A

inability to visually recognize objects, despite intact vision
can describe shapes/size of the object

103
Q

where is the visual agnosia lesion location

A

secondary visual cortex

104
Q

prosopagnosia

A

unable to visually identify people’s faces
can identify voices and mannerism

105
Q

auditory agnosia

A

patient unable to differentiate and recognize sounds
cannot distinguish between footsteps or the doorbell

106
Q

Primary motor cortex provides

A

descending control of motor output
located in precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus

107
Q

lesion of primary motor cortex causes

A

contralateral paresis and loss of fractionation of movement
dysarthria

108
Q

dysarthria

A

difficulty with speech
spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking

109
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A

inability to PLAN speech
difficulty producing nonverbal communication
both speaking and writing

110
Q

apraxia

A

coordination/movement;
“motor agnosia”; not able to plan movement; knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost

111
Q

ideomotor apraxia

A

patient is able to carry out tasks automatically and describe how it is done but is UNABLE to perform on command

112
Q

ideational apraxia

A

the inability to perform purposeful motor act, either automatically or on command, unable to DESCRIBE how the task task is performed

113
Q

constructional apraxia

A

inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to whole

114
Q

motor perseveration

A

uncontrollable repetition of a movement
ex: continue to lock and unlock the brakes of a w/c

115
Q

AAAA

A

Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Astereognosis

116
Q

what is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings

A

ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex

117
Q

damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia

A

parietotemporal association cortex

118
Q

wernicke’s area

A

language comprehension including understanding spoken, written, and signed language
area 22

119
Q

flow of information during conversation

A

primary auditory cortex –> secondary auditory cortex –> Wernicke’s –> subcortical connections –> Broca’s area –> oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex

120
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Primary somatosensory (discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects)
What number = 3-1-2
Lesion results in = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.

121
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Primary visual (Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects).
What number = 17
Lesion results in = Homonymous hemianopia = Visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes

122
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Primary Vestibular (Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical).
What number = 40
Lesion results in = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.

123
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Primary Auditory
What number = 41
Lesion results in = Loss of conscious localization of sound.

124
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Secondary Somatosensory (Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial envirnment)
What number = 5,7
Lesion results in = Astereognosis (Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation).

125
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Secondary Visual (Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation)
What number = 18-21
Lesion results in =
Visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision)
or
Optic ataxia (inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength).

126
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Secondary Auditory (Classification of sounds)
What number = 22,42
Lesion results in = Auditory agnosia (unable to differentiate and recognize sounds).

127
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Primary motor cortex (voluntary controlled movements).
What number = 4
Lesion results in = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria.

128
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Premotor Area (Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments).
What number = lateral 6
Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).

129
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Supplementary motor area (Initation of movement orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements).
What number = Superomedial 6
Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).

130
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Broca’s Area (Motor programming of speech, usually left hemisphere)
What number = 44, part of 45
Lesion results in = Broca’s aphasia (usually left hemisphere)
Inferior frontal gyrus (usually right hemisphere) = Planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere).
Lesion = Difficulty producing nonverbal communication.

131
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = ventral prefrontal association
What number = 11, 44, 45, 47
Function = Emotion, motivation, personality

132
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Parietotempotal Association
What number = 39, 40, parts of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37
Function = Sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and spacial relationships.

133
Q

What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?

A

What cortical area = Dorsolateral prefrontal association
What number = lateral 8 and 9; 46
Function = Goal-oriented behavior, self-awareness

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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