Week 1 content (Intro and Cerebral Hemispheres) Flashcards
what is a brain lesion?
the area of brain damage and dysfunction
DALYs
disability-adjusted life-years; the sum of years of life lost and years lived with disability
what is the most common disease and cause of death
stroke
Nervous system is made up of
CNS and PNS
Central Nervous System (CNS) contains
brain (cerebral region, brainstem and cerebellar region)
spinal cord (all segments)
**protected by bone
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
all nervous system structures NOT encased in bone
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, peripheral nerves
main parts of the human CNS
prosencephalon (forebrain), mesencephalon (midbrain), rhombencephalon (hindbrain), and spinal cord
what color is all nuclei in the brain?
all nuclei will be GREY
Portions of the prosencephalon (forebrain)
telencephalon and diencephalon
parts of the telencephalon/cerebral hemispheres
cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, basal ganglia, basal forebrain nuclei
color of cerebral cortex
grey
what is basal ganglia?
groups of basal forebrain nuclei
parts of midbrain
cerebral peduncles, midbrain tectum, midbrain tegmentum
parts of the brainstem
Midbrain, pons, medulla
anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: anterior =
rostral
anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: posterior=
caudal
anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: superior =
dorsal
anatomical directions: ABOVE the midbrain: inferior =
ventral
anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: anterior =
ventral
anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: posterior =
dorsal
anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: superior =
rostral
anatomical directions: BELOW the midbrain: inferior =
caudal
sagittal plane of brain
right and left portions
midsagittal plane
directly down the middle
parasagittal plane
slightly off the center
horizontal or axial or transverse plane
above or below portion
coronal plane
anterior and posterior portions
basic unit of nervous system
neuron
what makes up a neuron
cell body (soma), dendrites, axon, pre-synaptic terminals
cell body of a neuron
uses info brought in
dendrites of a neuron
receives info
axon uses what to do its job
myelin
myelin
high fat content, appears white
doesn’t allow sodium and potassium exchange to sit still
doesn’t allow signal to get lost
pre-synaptic terminals
signals are sent to other dendrites
node of Ranvier
where K & Na transfer happens (continuing of signal flow)
gray matter
areas of the CNS that primarily contain neuronal CELL BODIES and dendrites
white matter
composed of axons, projections of the neurons
information is integrated in _______ matter
gray matter
groups of the cell bodies in the CNS are called
nucleus (thalamus, BASAL ganglia)
groups of the cell bodies in the PNS are called
ganglion (ganglia - plural)
______ convey info away from cell bodies, among different parts of the nervous system
axons
a bundle of myelinated axons that travel together in the CNS is called
tract (long), lemniscus, column, or peduncle (circle)
**all white matter
Commissure define
white matter pathway that connects structures on the right and left sides of the body
in the midbrain (corpus callosum)
thin layer of gray matter covering each hemisphere
cerebral cortex
ridges in brain
gyrus
grooves in brain
sulcus
longitudinal fissure
central sulcus
pre-post central gyrus
pre-post central sulcus
precentral gyrus
stimulation of this area results in movement in the opposite half of the body
somatic motor cortex
postcentral gyrus
somatic sensory cortex
-helps you feel
-touch, all sensory
lateral fissure
frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe
insular cortex
limbic cortex
which lobe does emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, goal-oriented behavior, personality, and voluntary movement
frontal
which lobe does understanding speech
parietal
which lobe does vision
occipital
which lobe does hearing, balance
temporal
which lobe does emotions?
limbic lobe/cortex
which lobe is involved in visceral, autonomic and taste functions?
insular cortex/lobe
olfactory bulb and tract
involved in smell
inferior frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
Broca’s area (44 and part of 45) on left side
planning of speech
3 gyri in frontal lobe
superior, middle and inferior frontal gyrus
3 gryi in temporal lobe
superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyrus
the superior temporal gyrus is the _______ area
acoustic area
PNS afferent axons carry
information toward the CNS
- sensory info to CNS from hand touch
PNS efferent axons carry
information away from the CNS
- carry motor commands from CNS to muscles
how many brodmann’s areas are there
52
postcentral gyrus
postcentral sulcus
superior temporal gyrus
middle temporal gyrus
inferior temporal gyrus
Sylvian fissure (lateral fissure)
superior frontal gyrus
middle frontal gyrus
inferior frontal gyrus
primary sensory cortex
discriminates among different intensities and qualities of sensory information
secondary sensory cortex
performs more complex analysis of sensation
primary motor cortex
provides descending control of motor output
motor planning areas
organize movements
association cortex
(broader) controls behavior, interprets sensation, and processes emotions and memories
primary somatosensory cortex
located: parietal lobe, postcentral gyrus, central sulcus
cortex that has pain, temp, pressure, texture and proprioception stimuli
primary somatosensory cortex
cortex where conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st sound location)
primary auditory cortex (located in lateral fissure and superior temporal gyrus)
cortex where light/dark, various shapes, locations of object and movements of object is formed
primary visual cortex (located in calcarine sulcus
primary auditory cortex
conscious awareness of the intensity of sound (1st time you hear something, volume, pitch, pauses)
Secondary sensory cortex performs
more complex analysis of sensation.
Secondary sensory areas analyze sensory input from the thalamus and the primary sensory cortex
secondary somatosensory cortex does
stereognosis and memory of tactile and spatial environment
secondary visual cortex does
analysis of motion, color
secondary auditory cortex does
classification of sounds
define agnosia
the inability to recognize objects or make sense of the incoming information, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact
types of agnosia
astereognosis/tactile agnosia
visual agnosia
auditory agnosia
astereognosis
inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
where is the astereognosis lesion location
secondary somatosensory cortex
visual agnosia
inability to visually recognize objects, despite intact vision
can describe shapes/size of the object
where is the visual agnosia lesion location
secondary visual cortex
prosopagnosia
unable to visually identify people’s faces
can identify voices and mannerism
auditory agnosia
patient unable to differentiate and recognize sounds
cannot distinguish between footsteps or the doorbell
Primary motor cortex provides
descending control of motor output
located in precentral gyrus, anterior to central sulcus
lesion of primary motor cortex causes
contralateral paresis and loss of fractionation of movement
dysarthria
dysarthria
difficulty with speech
spasticity or paresis of the muscles used for speaking
Broca’s aphasia
inability to PLAN speech
difficulty producing nonverbal communication
both speaking and writing
apraxia
coordination/movement;
“motor agnosia”; not able to plan movement; knowledge of how to perform skilled movement is lost
ideomotor apraxia
patient is able to carry out tasks automatically and describe how it is done but is UNABLE to perform on command
ideational apraxia
the inability to perform purposeful motor act, either automatically or on command, unable to DESCRIBE how the task task is performed
constructional apraxia
inability to comprehend the relationship of parts to whole
motor perseveration
uncontrollable repetition of a movement
ex: continue to lock and unlock the brakes of a w/c
AAAA
Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia, Astereognosis
what is involved in impulse control, personality, and reactions to surroundings
ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal association cortex
damage to this area in the LEFT hemisphere causes Wernicke’s aphasia
parietotemporal association cortex
wernicke’s area
language comprehension including understanding spoken, written, and signed language
area 22
flow of information during conversation
primary auditory cortex –> secondary auditory cortex –> Wernicke’s –> subcortical connections –> Broca’s area –> oral and throat region of sensorimotor cortex
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary somatosensory (discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects)
What number = 3-1-2
Lesion results in = loss of tactile localization and conscious proprioception.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary visual (Distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects).
What number = 17
Lesion results in = Homonymous hemianopia = Visual field defect that involves vision loss on the same side of the visual field in both eyes
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary Vestibular (Discriminates among head positions and head movements, contributes to perception of vertical).
What number = 40
Lesion results in = Change in awareness of head position and movement and perception of vertical.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary Auditory
What number = 41
Lesion results in = Loss of conscious localization of sound.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Somatosensory (Stereognosis and memory of the tactile and spatial envirnment)
What number = 5,7
Lesion results in = Astereognosis (Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation, despite intact discriminative somatosensation).
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Visual (Analysis of motion, color; recognition of visual objects; understanding of visual spatial relationships; control of visual fixation)
What number = 18-21
Lesion results in =
Visual agnosia (inability to visually recognize objects, despite having intact vision)
or
Optic ataxia (inability to accurately point to or reach for objects under visual guidance with intact ability when directed by sound or touch despite normal strength).
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Secondary Auditory (Classification of sounds)
What number = 22,42
Lesion results in = Auditory agnosia (unable to differentiate and recognize sounds).
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Primary motor cortex (voluntary controlled movements).
What number = 4
Lesion results in = Paresis, loss of fine motor control, spastic dysarthria.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Premotor Area (Control of trunk and girdle muscles, anticipatory postural adjustments).
What number = lateral 6
Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Supplementary motor area (Initation of movement orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements).
What number = Superomedial 6
Lesion results in = Apraxia (loss of ability to execute or carry out skilled movement and gestures, despite having the physical ability and desire to perform them).
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Broca’s Area (Motor programming of speech, usually left hemisphere)
What number = 44, part of 45
Lesion results in = Broca’s aphasia (usually left hemisphere)
Inferior frontal gyrus (usually right hemisphere) = Planning nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, tone of voice; usually in the right hemisphere).
Lesion = Difficulty producing nonverbal communication.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = ventral prefrontal association
What number = 11, 44, 45, 47
Function = Emotion, motivation, personality
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Parietotempotal Association
What number = 39, 40, parts of 7, 19, 21, 22, 37
Function = Sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language and spacial relationships.
What cortical area?
What number?
Lesion results in?
What cortical area = Dorsolateral prefrontal association
What number = lateral 8 and 9; 46
Function = Goal-oriented behavior, self-awareness
