Week 5- Body Structure/ Homeostasis Flashcards
What are the 5 principle body cavities?
1) Cranial 2) Vertebral 3) Thoracic 4) Abdominal 5) Pelvic
What is peritoneum ?
The membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity covers the organs
Why is a constant internal environment essential?
ensure that biological processes occur normally at the appropriate rate
A variation of normal can cause stress, illness, death.
What are serous membranes?
Filled with watery serous fluids that lubes organs
What is anterior ?
Front of body
Positive feedbacks system facts…
- Very rare, can potentially cause damage.
- if there is a stress, the positive feedback loop will increase that stress.
- situations where a positive feedback is essential in restoring homeostasis:
e. g. during child birth
fever during disease
What is Median?
In the middle of a structure **DIFFERENT than medial**
What is the pleura?
The membrane that lines the pleural cavity covers lungs
What is posterior ?
Back of body
Where is the pelvic cavity located?
Near the pelvis
Negative feedback system facts..
- Most common mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
- If there is a stress the system responds to decrease that particular stress.
- Examples of negative feedback systems:
Blood pressure control
Temperature regulation
Blood sugar levels
Blood O2 & CO2 levels etc.
What is the sagittal plane of motion?
Cuts the body vertically (left/right)
Where is the thoracic cavity located?
Near the chest
Internal environment generally refers to what?
Extracellular fluids (the fluids in the body, outside of the cell)
What is the top of your feet ?
Posterior
What is parietal vs visceral?
Parietal is firming the outer wall of the cavity and visceral is outlining the organs/inner layer
Example of negative feedback mechanism
Blood Pressure:
1) Factor/stimulus: Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Receptors Increasing Blood pressure
2) Receptors: Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels send nerve impulses
3) Control Centre: Brain interprets input and sends nerve impulses
4) Effector: Heart/Blood Vessels (A decrease in heart rate decreases blood pressure)
* Return to homeostasis when response brings blood pressure back to normal*
What are tissues?
Any distinct type of material that animals and plants are made of
What is homeostasis?
When your body’s internal functions work to maintain constant to ensure normal functioning.
Negative feedback mechanism with excessive cold
1) Factor/stimulus- Excessive cold
2) Receptors- Thermoreceptors (afferent)
3) Control centre- Hyppthalamus (efferent)
4) Effectors- nervous stimulattion to:
sweat glands
blood vessels (contract)
skeletal muscles
5) Response- “goose bumps”, Vasoconstriction in skin, Shivering
6) Stimulus end- Heat gain
What is intermediate?
In between medial and lateral
What is a feedback loop?
1) Factor/Stimulus
2) Sensor: detects state of factor and reports to:
3) Control Center: receives report from sensor, makes decision and sends command to:
4) Effector : makes corrections, if required
What are the the two main parts of extracellular fluid?
1) Interstitial fluids- mainly between cells
2) plasma- blood minus the cells
Where is the Vertebral cavity located?
Near the spinal chord
Where is the abdominal cavity located?
Near the abdomen
What is the flow between compartments?
- Plasma fluid can exchange materials with intracellular fluid through the circulatory system.
- Interstitial fluid can exchange materials with the intracellular fluid.
- Fluid is also exchanged between the extracellular compartments.
- Interstitial fluid can return to the circulatory system through the lymphatic system (15%)
What are the 3 conditions essential for normal functioning?
1) Proper amounts of nutrients, gases, water, salts
2) Optimal temperature- For normal biochemical reactions and molecular structure
3) Optimal pressures- Various fluid pressures in body.
Homeostasis is..
A dynamic condition
What is the difference of proximal and distal?
Proximal is when the structure is closer to the point of attachment
Distal is when the structure is further away from the point of attachment
What is Pericardium?
The membrane that lines the pericardial cavity Covers the heart
What is transverse plane of motion?
Cuts the body in half parallel to ground (top, bottom)
What is the difference of superior vs. inferior ?
Superior is higher / closer to the head and inferior is lower/ further from the head.
What is the back of the hand?
Posterior
What is the difference of peripheral and central?
Peripheral is away from the centre, central is towards the centre
What is the difference of deep and superficial for an animal/structure?
Deep- closer towards the middle of the structure, further away from the surface level.
Superficial- near the outer surface.
What are blood vessel walls?
The barrier between the interstitial fluids and plasma.
How does positive feedback mechanism work for child birth?
1) Factor/stimulus: Contractions of wall of uterus force baby’s head or body into the cervix.
2) Sensor: Stretching of cervix
Stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix
3) Control centre: Brain interprets input and releases oxytonin.
4) Effector: Muscles in wall of uterus contract more forcefully. Baby’s body stretches cervix more.
Where is the cranial body cavity located?
Near the brain
What is medial?
Towards the centre of the body
What is lateral?
Towards the outside of the body
negative feedback mechanism with excessive heat
1) Stimulus- Excessive heat
2) Receptors- Thermoreceptor (afferent)
3) Control centre- Hypothalamus (brain)
4) Effectors: nervous stimulation to:
sweat glands
Blood Vessels (dilate)
Skeletal muscles
5) Response- Sweat gland secretion, Vasodilation in skin, Reduced muscle tone
6) stimulus ends- heat loss
What is the front of the hand ?
Anterior
What is extracellular fluid?
Fluid in the body that is outside of the cell. found in the blood, in lymph, in tissues, in joints, the eyes, the brain, etc.
What is supine?
Face up / on your back
What is frontal plane of motion?
Cuts the body vertically (front/back)
What is stress?
Any condition that causes an imbalance / variation in the body’s normal internal environment
AKA- any condition that threatens / disrupts the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis
What is that anatomical position?
Standardized standing position
- standing straight up
- facing observer
- palms facing forward
- arms at sides
What is prone?
Face down/ on your stomach
What is the sole of feet?
Anterior
What can cause stress?
External factors:
e.g. Low O2 concentrations
variation in ambient
temperature infection
Internal factors:
e.g. variation in blood pressure
variation in blood sugar levels
variation in O2 & CO2 levels
