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BIOL 1109 > Week 5- Body Structure/ Homeostasis > Flashcards

Week 5- Body Structure/ Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 principle body cavities?

A

1) Cranial 2) Vertebral 3) Thoracic 4) Abdominal 5) Pelvic

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2
Q

What is peritoneum ?

A

The membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity covers the organs

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3
Q

Why is a constant internal environment essential?

A

ensure that biological processes occur normally at the appropriate rate

A variation of normal can cause stress, illness, death.

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4
Q

What are serous membranes?

A

Filled with watery serous fluids that lubes organs

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5
Q

What is anterior ?

A

Front of body

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6
Q

Positive feedbacks system facts…

A
  • Very rare, can potentially cause damage.
  • if there is a stress, the positive feedback loop will increase that stress.
  • situations where a positive feedback is essential in restoring homeostasis:
    e. g. during child birth

fever during disease

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7
Q

What is Median?

A

In the middle of a structure **DIFFERENT than medial**

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8
Q

What is the pleura?

A

The membrane that lines the pleural cavity covers lungs

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9
Q

What is posterior ?

A

Back of body

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10
Q

Where is the pelvic cavity located?

A

Near the pelvis

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11
Q

Negative feedback system facts..

A
  • Most common mechanism for maintaining homeostasis
  • If there is a stress the system responds to decrease that particular stress.
  • Examples of negative feedback systems:

Blood pressure control

Temperature regulation

Blood sugar levels

Blood O2 & CO2 levels etc.

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12
Q

What is the sagittal plane of motion?

A

Cuts the body vertically (left/right)

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13
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity located?

A

Near the chest

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14
Q

Internal environment generally refers to what?

A

Extracellular fluids (the fluids in the body, outside of the cell)

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15
Q

What is the top of your feet ?

A

Posterior

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16
Q

What is parietal vs visceral?

A

Parietal is firming the outer wall of the cavity and visceral is outlining the organs/inner layer

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17
Q

Example of negative feedback mechanism

A

Blood Pressure:

1) Factor/stimulus: Some stimulus disrupts homeostasis by Receptors Increasing Blood pressure
2) Receptors: Baroreceptors in certain blood vessels send nerve impulses
3) Control Centre: Brain interprets input and sends nerve impulses
4) Effector: Heart/Blood Vessels (A decrease in heart rate decreases blood pressure)
* Return to homeostasis when response brings blood pressure back to normal*

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18
Q

What are tissues?

A

Any distinct type of material that animals and plants are made of

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19
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

When your body’s internal functions work to maintain constant to ensure normal functioning.

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20
Q

Negative feedback mechanism with excessive cold

A

1) Factor/stimulus- Excessive cold
2) Receptors- Thermoreceptors (afferent)
3) Control centre- Hyppthalamus (efferent)
4) Effectors- nervous stimulattion to:

sweat glands

blood vessels (contract)

skeletal muscles

5) Response- “goose bumps”, Vasoconstriction in skin, Shivering
6) Stimulus end- Heat gain

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21
Q

What is intermediate?

A

In between medial and lateral

22
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

1) Factor/Stimulus
2) Sensor: detects state of factor and reports to:
3) Control Center: receives report from sensor, makes decision and sends command to:
4) Effector : makes corrections, if required

23
Q

What are the the two main parts of extracellular fluid?

A

1) Interstitial fluids- mainly between cells
2) plasma- blood minus the cells

24
Q

Where is the Vertebral cavity located?

A

Near the spinal chord

25
Q

Where is the abdominal cavity located?

A

Near the abdomen

26
Q

What is the flow between compartments?

A
  • Plasma fluid can exchange materials with intracellular fluid through the circulatory system.
  • Interstitial fluid can exchange materials with the intracellular fluid.
  • Fluid is also exchanged between the extracellular compartments.
  • Interstitial fluid can return to the circulatory system through the lymphatic system (15%)
27
Q

What are the 3 conditions essential for normal functioning?

A

1) Proper amounts of nutrients, gases, water, salts
2) Optimal temperature- For normal biochemical reactions and molecular structure
3) Optimal pressures- Various fluid pressures in body.

28
Q

Homeostasis is..

A

A dynamic condition

29
Q

What is the difference of proximal and distal?

A

Proximal is when the structure is closer to the point of attachment

Distal is when the structure is further away from the point of attachment

30
Q

What is Pericardium?

A

The membrane that lines the pericardial cavity Covers the heart

31
Q

What is transverse plane of motion?

A

Cuts the body in half parallel to ground (top, bottom)

32
Q

What is the difference of superior vs. inferior ?

A

Superior is higher / closer to the head and inferior is lower/ further from the head.

33
Q

What is the back of the hand?

A

Posterior

34
Q

What is the difference of peripheral and central?

A

Peripheral is away from the centre, central is towards the centre

35
Q

What is the difference of deep and superficial for an animal/structure?

A

Deep- closer towards the middle of the structure, further away from the surface level.

Superficial- near the outer surface.

36
Q

What are blood vessel walls?

A

The barrier between the interstitial fluids and plasma.

37
Q

How does positive feedback mechanism work for child birth?

A

1) Factor/stimulus: Contractions of wall of uterus force baby’s head or body into the cervix.
2) Sensor: Stretching of cervix

Stretch-sensitive nerve cells in cervix

3) Control centre: Brain interprets input and releases oxytonin.
4) Effector: Muscles in wall of uterus contract more forcefully. Baby’s body stretches cervix more.

38
Q

Where is the cranial body cavity located?

A

Near the brain

39
Q

What is medial?

A

Towards the centre of the body

40
Q

What is lateral?

A

Towards the outside of the body

41
Q

negative feedback mechanism with excessive heat

A

1) Stimulus- Excessive heat
2) Receptors- Thermoreceptor (afferent)
3) Control centre- Hypothalamus (brain)
4) Effectors: nervous stimulation to:

sweat glands

Blood Vessels (dilate)

Skeletal muscles

5) Response- Sweat gland secretion, Vasodilation in skin, Reduced muscle tone
6) stimulus ends- heat loss

42
Q

What is the front of the hand ?

A

Anterior

43
Q

What is extracellular fluid?

A

Fluid in the body that is outside of the cell. found in the blood, in lymph, in tissues, in joints, the eyes, the brain, etc.

44
Q

What is supine?

A

Face up / on your back

45
Q

What is frontal plane of motion?

A

Cuts the body vertically (front/back)

46
Q

What is stress?

A

Any condition that causes an imbalance / variation in the body’s normal internal environment

AKA- any condition that threatens / disrupts the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis

47
Q

What is that anatomical position?

A

Standardized standing position

  • standing straight up
  • facing observer
  • palms facing forward
  • arms at sides
48
Q

What is prone?

A

Face down/ on your stomach

49
Q

What is the sole of feet?

A

Anterior

50
Q

What can cause stress?

A

External factors:

e.g. Low O2 concentrations

variation in ambient

temperature infection

Internal factors:

e.g. variation in blood pressure

variation in blood sugar levels

variation in O2 & CO2 levels

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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