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BIOL 1109 > Joints, Movement & Biomechanics > Flashcards

Joints, Movement & Biomechanics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is a peridontal ligament?

A

thin fibrous tissue connecting bone of socket to root of tooth

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2
Q

what determines what bone moves the most in a muscle contraction?

A

where the muscles are attached on each bone

ex: radius moves more than scapula when doing bicep curl

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3
Q

what are symphysis cartilaginous joints, the functional classification and example?

A
  • hyaline cartilage covers the articulating surface and is fused to an intervening pad of fibrocartilage
  • amphiathrotic joint (strength/ flexibility)
  • ex: pubis symphysis/ cartilage disk between vertebrae
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4
Q

what is the point of origin?

A

the bone that doesn’t move as much on the site of attachment

ex: scapula in bicep extension

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5
Q

what is FLE 123?

A

1st class- fulcrum in middle

2nd class- load in middle

3rd class- effort in middle

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6
Q

what forms the fulcrum, lever, effort, and load in the body?

A

Lever- Bones

Fulcrum- Joints

Effort- Muscles

Force - weight of body/the object we lift

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7
Q

what are the 3 subcategories for fibrous structual joints?

A

1) suture
2) syndesmosis
3) gomphosis

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8
Q

what are fibrous structural joints?

A

dense fibrous connective tissue

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9
Q

what is the effort arm?

A

the distance from the point of effort to the fulcrum

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10
Q

what is the movement of a ellipsoidal joint and example?

A

comprise of concave and convex articulating surfaces

(ends of bones are oval, but still convex/concave)

  • angular and circumduction movement
    ex: metacarpals/carpals
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11
Q

what is primarily involved with biomechanics?

A

skeletal mucles

  • the muscle has to be attached to the bone in some way in order to function the muscle
  • muscles attached to bone by tendons
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12
Q

what is the effort/force?

A

the applied movement to move lever

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13
Q

what are cartilagnious structural joints?

A

cartilage between bones

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14
Q

what is muscle contraction?

A

the muscle becoming shorter

  • all end points of a muscle needs to be attached
  • each end needs to be attached to at least 2 different bones accross a joint
    ex: bicep needs to attach to scapula and radius to contract

the movement of the point of insertion towards the point of origin of the muscle

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15
Q

what is structural classification?

A

look at the anatomical organization and see what is the material that make up the joint

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16
Q

what is the synchondrosis cartilage joint, functional classification and example?

A
  • A bar plate of hyaline cartilage that unites the bones
  • all synchondrosis are synarthrotic
  • ex: ribs attached to sternum
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17
Q

what is an example of a first class lever system in our body?

A

Head nodding

Fulcrum- vertebral column

Effort- neck muscles in back contracting

Load- head tilting back

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18
Q

what are ligaments?

A

bands of fibre that hold articulating bones together to provide stability

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19
Q

what are the 3 structural joints?

A

1) firbrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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20
Q

what is a first class lever?

A

fulcrum is between load and effort

power or speed lever

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21
Q

what are factors that stabilizes synovial joints?

A
  • collagen fibres
  • articulating surfaces and menisci
  • other bones, muscles, or fat pads
  • tendons of articulating bones

prevent injury by limiting range of motion

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22
Q

what determines whether the specific lever is a power or speed lever?

A

the specific point of insertion of a muscle

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23
Q

what are the 2 membranes of the articular capsule?

A

1) fibrous capsule
2) synovial membrane

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24
Q

what is an example of a third class lever in our body?

A

Bicep curl

Fulcrum: elbow

Load: weight carried in hand

Effort: bicep contract

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25
what is second class lever?
resistance is between fulcrum and effort Power lever
26
what makes up a typical synovial joint in the knee?
- periosteum - ligament - joint cavity - articular capsule (double membrane) - synovial fluid
27
what are gomphosis joints functional classification and example?
- synarthrotic joints - ex: between teeth and peridontal ligament
28
what is the movement of a pivot joint and example?
ring shaped articulating surfaces - rotational movement only ex: atlas around dens of axis
29
what is abduction vs adduction?
Abduction: moving away from midline Adduction: movign towards the midline
30
fibrous joints facts
- articulating bones held closely together by dense irregular connective tissue - permit little/ no movement - found in skull
31
what is the movement of a hinge joint and example?
concave and convex articulating surfaces - one bone remains stationary while the other moves around - movement is angular, one plane of motion ex: elbow / knee
32
what are the 6 types of synovial joints?
1) gliding 2) hinge 3) pivot 4) ellipsoidal 5) saddle 6) ball & socket
33
what are biomechanics?
how bone and muscles affect movement
34
what is the point of insertion?
the bones that moves the most with the site of muscle attachment ex: radius in bicep curl
35
what is the movement of saddle joints and example?
articulating surfaces are "saddle" shaped - allows for angular and circumduction movements ex: base of thumb
36
what is the functional classification and example of where to find syndesmoses joints?
- synarthortic or amphiarthrotic joints - bones connected by fibrous tissue ligament - ex: between fibula and tibia
37
what is the synarthrotic joint classification?
not moveable "sin not to move"
38
what is the load?
the amount placed on the lever
39
what are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
1) synchondroses 2) symphyses
40
what are bursae (bursa)
pockets of synovial fluid that cushion areas where tendons and ligaments rub together - reduce friction at joints - synovial membrane makes up burse
41
what is the functional classification for synovial joints and example?
- Diathrotic joint - ex: knee joint
42
what are the 4 major types of movement at synovial joints?
1) gliding 2) angular 3) rotation 4) circumduction
43
what is the glising movement?
movement of 1 bone over another - allows side-to-side and bacl/forth action ex: between carpals/tarsals
44
what can muscle only do?
contract can not relax on their own needs to be stretched again in order to contract again
45
what do levers consist of?
1) fulcrum 2) load 3) effort/force
46
what is determines based on where your muscle is located?
the amount of effort required to move
47
what is the ligament connecting the fibula and tibia together?
tibiofibular ligament - shorrter the ligament, shorter the movement
48
what is an example of a second class lever in our body?
Calf raise Fulcrum- ball of foot Load- Body weight Effort- Calf muscles
49
what is the load arm?
the distance from the fulcrum to the load
50
what is functional classification?
how much range of motion a joint is capable of
51
what is the diathrotic joint classification?
freely moveable "dhiarreha"
52
53
whata are the 3 joint classifications based on the functional classification?
1) synarthrotic 2) amphiarthrotic 3) diathrotic
54
what is the functional classification and location for sutures?
- synarthrotic joint (adults) - amphiarthrotic joint (infants) ex: skull
55
how do muscles work antagonistically?
they work against each other ex: bicep contracts, needs tricep to contract to stretch out bicep again
56
what are the 2 suncategories for cartilagnious structual joints?
1) synchondrosis 2) symphysis
57
what happens when theres a longer effort arm?
easier to lift the load
58
what is the difference of a power vs speed lever?
power lever: can move heavier speed lever: can move distance
59
what happens when the insertion is further away from fulcrum?
more power the lever
60
what are the 6 subcategories for synovial structural joints?
1) gliding 2) hinge 3) pivot 4) ellipsoidal 5) saddle 6) ball & socket
61
what is the difference of agonist and antagonist?
agonist: the muscle contracting antagonist- the muscle relaxing ex: when bicep contacts (agonist), tricep relaxes (antagonist)
62
what is rotation?
bone rotates around its long axis - turning motion - ex: head shaking no
63
what is flexion vs extension?
Flexion: decrease in angle (less than 90) Extension: Inclease in angle (more than 90) ex: elbow joint
64
what is the formula to determine amountof force exerted by biceps to maintain forearm in equilibrium when hand is holding certain weight?
length of effort arm x effort = length of load arm x load 1) write out equation 2) move length of effort arm over 3) divide total of length of load arm x load by the length of effort arm
65
what are angular movements in synovial joints?
angle in articulating bones increases or decreases - swinging from side to side or up and down - abduction and adduction
66
what is a fulcrum?
the fixed point of a lever
67
what are articulating bones?
2 bones joined at a joint
68
what are levers?
allowing a given effort to move a heavier load or move a load farther and faster rigid bar that moves on a fulcrum
69
what happens when insertion is closer to fulcrum?
lever is less powerful BUT gets greater range of movement and speed of movement of that lever
70
what are menisci (meniscus)?
pads of cartilage that allow bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly. - acts as a spacer in a joint and prevents bones smashing together
71
what is circumdiction?
movement of a body part in a circle - one end stable, distal end moves in circle
72
what is the movement of ball & socket joints and example?
rounded head of 1 bone in a depression of another - angluar, rotational and circumduction movements ex: shoulder and hip
73
what are the 2 methods of joint classification?
1) functional classification 2) structural classification
74
what is a third class lever?
effort is between fulcrum and load speed lever (most common in our body)
75
what is the amphiarthrotic joint classification?
slightly movable "amphibian"
76
what is synovial fluid?
fluid secreted by synovial membrane that lubricates joints, absorbs shock, and supplies oxygen/nutrients to cartilage
77
whar are synovial structural joints?
cavity between articulating bones, ligaments hold bones together

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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