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BIOL 1109 > Week 10- Skeletal Muscle Movement & Anatomy > Flashcards

Week 10- Skeletal Muscle Movement & Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 types of muscle?

A

1) cardiac
2) skeletal
3) smooth

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2
Q

is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary and where would it be located?

A

involuntary

located in heart

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3
Q

is smooth muscle voluntary or involutary and where would it be located?

A

involuntary

  • intestines
  • blood vessels
  • bladder
  • eye
  • uterus etc.
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4
Q

is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary and where would they be located?

A

voluntary

  • attached to bones
  • produce body movements
  • posture
  • generates heat
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5
Q

different groups of what determine the type of movement produced?

A

1) muscles
2) bones
3) joints

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6
Q

what are the 4 major factors that determine the type of muscle produced?

A

1) orientaton of the muscle
2) action of other muscles
3) type of joint
4) muscle tension

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7
Q

what is the orientation of the muscle and how does it help determine the movement produced?

A

where muscle originates and inserts

(the origin and insertion)

  • depending on which bone the muscle is attached to and where it inserts on determines the movement
    ex: biceps

origin = scapula

insertion = radius

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8
Q

what is the action of other muscles and how does it determine the type of movement produced?

A
  • when there’s more than 1 muscle attached to bone

when different muscles that insert on the same bone across the same joint contract at the same time, a completely different movement is produced than if one contracts and the other doesn’t

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9
Q

what does not work in isolation?

A

muscles

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10
Q

movements usually result from what?

A

several skeletal muscles acting as a group

(antagonistic pairs)

  • prime move/ agonist vs. antagonist
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11
Q

how does the type of joint determing the type of movement produced?

A

movement also regulated by number and arrangement of ligaments across joints

the shorter the ligament, the shorter the movement

(not as flexible)

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12
Q

how does muce tension determine the type of movement produced?

A

how much a mucle is stretched determines how much movement is produced

  • there is a limit to how much a muscle can be stretched
    ex: touching your hands to toes, people with tighter hamstring muscles are more resricted than others.
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13
Q

what are the 7 common characteristics used to name muscles?

A

1) direction of muscle fibres
2) size of muscle
3) shape of muscle
4) number of origins
5) specific location of muscle
6) points of origin & insertion
7) action

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14
Q

what is an example of naming a muscle based on direction of muscle fibres?

A

rectus abdominus:

rectus = “erect” / straight

abdominus = abdomen

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15
Q

what is an example of naming a muscle based on the size?

A

lattissimus dorsi

lattissimus = wide

dorsi = on back

= wide muscle on back

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16
Q

what is an example of naming a muscle based on its shape?

A

deltoid:

shape = triangular

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17
Q

what is an example of naming a muscle based on the location?

A

gluteus maximus

gluteus = buttock (in greek)

maximus = largest

= big butt muscle

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18
Q

what is an example of naming a muscle based on the action?

A

adductor longus:

adductor = adducts leg (going towards midline)

longus = long muscle

= long muscle adducts leg

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19
Q

what is an exampe of naming a mucle based on number of origins?

A

biceps brachii:

biceps = 2 points of origin

brachii = arm (in latin)

= arm with 2 pointd of origin

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20
Q

what are the 16 basic types of movement?

A

1) flexion / extension
2) abduction / adduction
3) rotation
4) circumduction
5) elevation / depression
6) planter flexion / dorsiflexion
7) inversion / eversion
8) supination / pronation
9) protraction / retraction

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21
Q

what is abduction vs. adduction?

A

abduction = away from midline

adduction = towards midline

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22
Q

what is the difference of rotation and circumduction?

A

rotation = promixal and distal end of bone moves

circumduction = distal end of bone moves in circular motion

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23
Q

what is the difference of flexion and extension?

A

flexion: decrease in joint angle
extension: increase in joint angle

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24
Q

what is the difference of supination and pronation?

A

supination: palm of had moves upwards
pronation: palm of hand moves downwards
- can also be used to determine different parts of body being moved

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25
Q

what is the difference of eversion and inversion?

A

eversion: foot moves away from midline
inversion: foot moves towards midline

**only used with feet**

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26
Q

what is the difference of plantarflexion and dorsiflexion?

A

plantarflexion: foot extends at ankle (ballerina)
- toes points away from body
dorsiflexion: foot flexes at ankle
- toes point towards body

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27
Q

what is the difference of protraction and retraction?

A

protraction: bone moves horizontally towards the front
retraction: bone moves horizontally towards the back

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28
Q

what is the difference of elevation and depression?

A

elevation: bone moves upwards
depression: bone moves downwards

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29
Q

what are ligaments?

A

bands of fibre that hold articulating bones together

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30
Q

what are tendons?

A

tough bands of fibrous connective tissue that connect muscle to bone

31
Q

what are bursae?

A

pockets of synovial fluid that cushions areas where tendons and ligaments rub together

32
Q

what is muscle tone?

A

partial contraction of skeletal muscle

33
Q

what is paralysis?

A

loss/ impairment of motor function

  • due to damage/interference of nerves or muscle
34
Q

what is muscle atrophy?

A

decrease of muscle size

  • lack of muscle activity reduces size, tone and power
35
Q

what is muscular hypertrophy?

A

excessive increase in muscle fibre size

  • increase diameter of muscle fibres
  • increases mitochondria and glycogen reserves
36
Q

what is muscular dystrophy?

A

group of inherited muscle-destroying diseases

37
Q

what are the 3 levels of muscle organization?

A

1) Fascia
2) Fascicles
3) muscle fibres

38
Q

what is the arrangment of muscle cells in skeletal muscles starting from the outside?

A

1) fascia
2) epimysium
3) perimysium
4) fascicle
5) endomysium
6) muscle fibres

39
Q

what forms the tendon?

A

1) fascia
2) epimysium
3) perimysium
4) endomysium

** extends past muscles to form tendon**

40
Q

what is fascia?

A

outside membrane of skeletal muscle

41
Q

what is epimysium?

A

another membrane under fascia that holds together fascicles

  • fibrous connective tisssue
42
Q

what is a fascicle?

A

group of muscle fibres that are arranged in bundles

43
Q

what is the perimysium?

A

fibrous membrane that surrounds fascicles

44
Q

what is the endomysium?

A

connective tissue layer that surrounds each idvidual muscle fibre

45
Q

whu does each muscle cell have its own nerve?

A

due to skeletal muscles being voluntary

  • in the endomysium
46
Q

what is the structure of an individual muscle fibre?

A
  • long
  • 1 muscle cell runs through whole length of bone
  • multiple nucleus
47
Q

why are skeletal muscles multi nucleate?

A

the myoblasts fuse together to form the muscle cell, each with their own nuclei

48
Q

what is the advantage of having multiple nuclei?

A

control events locally rather than 1 nucleus controlling the whole muscle due to skeletal muscles being long

49
Q

what is the structure of an individual muscle fibre?

A

1) sarcolemma
2) Transverse tubules
3) sarcoplasmic reticulum
4) sarcoplasm
5) myofilaments
6) myofibrils
7) many nuclei
8) mitochondria

50
Q

what is sarcolemma?

A

cell membrane in the muscle cells that the cell is surrounded by

51
Q

what is sarcoplasm?

A

the cytoplasm of the cell

52
Q

what are transverse tubules?

A

tube like structures that extend into the cell between sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils

  • part of the sacrolemma

AKA the dents in the sacrolemma

53
Q

what is the sacroplasmic reticulum?

A

surrounds the myofibrils

54
Q

what are myofibrils?

A

structures responsible for muscle contraction

55
Q

what are myofilaments?

A

the protein that myofibrils are made of

56
Q

why is it important to have a lot of mitochondria?

A

needs tons in order to produce tons of ATP

57
Q

what are the 3 kinds of protein that structure the myofibril?

A

1) contractile
2) regulatory
3) structural

58
Q

what is the contractile proteins and fuction?

A
  • actin
  • myosin

generate the contraction force

59
Q

what are the regulatory proteins and function?

A
  • troponin
  • tropomyosin

helps to start and stop contractions

60
Q

what are the structural proteins and function?

A
  • z-line
  • m-line
  • titan filament

keep contractile proteins aligned and stabilize the myofibril

61
Q

what are the structures of a sacromere?

A

1) z-line
2) I band
3) A band
4) H zone
5) M line

62
Q

why do we have striations when looking at a skeletal muscle?

A

due to the particular arangement of the myofibril proteins

63
Q

what part of the myofilament is actin?

A

thin filaments

64
Q

what part of myofilament is M-line?

A

middle line that holds myosin in place

65
Q

what part of the myofilament is myosin?

A

thick filaments

66
Q

what part of the myofilament is the Z-line?

A

part that holds actin in place

67
Q

what is the titan filament?

A

coiled protein strand that is attached to both Z & M line

coils when muscle contracts

uncoils when muscle relaxes

68
Q

what is the H-zone?

A

zone where only myosin is active

69
Q

what is I band?

A

zone where only actin is present

70
Q

what is A band?

A

zone where myosin and actin overlap

71
Q

what happens to each zone when muscle contracts?

A
  • ends get closer together when muscle contracts
  • Actin and myosin do NOT get shorter as muscle contracts
  • H (myosin only) and I (actin only) zone dissapear when muscles contract
72
Q

what is the structure of a myosin molecule?

A

rod like tail

2 globular heads

73
Q

what is the ultrastructure of thin filaments?

A
  • mostly composed of actin
  • spiral formation
  • subunits contain active site that mysoin heads attach to
  • Tropomyosin and troponin are regulatory subunits bound to actin
74
Q

what lies on top of actin?

A

tropomyosin

prevents myosin and actin from binding

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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