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BIOL 1109 > The Ear/ Integumentary System > Flashcards

The Ear/ Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three parts of the ear?

A

1) outer
2) middle
3) inner

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2
Q

what is the function of the outer and middle ear?

A

hearing

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3
Q

what is the function of the inner ear?

A

hearing and balance

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4
Q

what is the outer ear composed of?

A

1) The auricle (pinna)
2) External auditory canal
3) Tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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5
Q

The pinna is…

A
  • shell shaped
  • cartilage covered by thick skin
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6
Q

the external auditory canal is..

A
  • short, curved tube in temporal lobe
  • filled with ceruminous glands
  • accumulates earwax
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7
Q

the Tympanic membrane (eardrum) is..

A
  • Thin connective tissue membrane that vibrates in response to sound
  • Transfers sound energy to the middle ear ossicles
  • Boundary between outer and middle ears
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8
Q

what are the functions of the external ear?

A
  • •Pinna collects and transmits sound waves to middle ear, causing tympanic membrane to vibrate
  • Hairs and ear wax in external auditory canal prevent foreign materials entering ear
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9
Q

what is the structure of the middle ear?

A
  • Small, air-filled cavity in the temporal bone
  • Tympanic membrane separates middle ear from external ear
  • Oval and round windows separate middle ear from inner ear
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10
Q

what is the structure of the middle ear?

A
  • Tympanic membrane
  • Oval window
  • Round window
  • Pharyngotympanic tube to pharynx
  • Mastoid cavity of temporal bone
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11
Q

what are the three ear ossicles and where are they located?

A

1) malleus (hammer)
2) incus (anvil)
3) stapes (stirrup)

Located in the tympanic cavity

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12
Q

what is the function of the ear ossicles?

A

Transmit vibratory motion of the eardrum to the oval window

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13
Q

what are the functions of the middle ear?

A
  • ossicles transmits vibrations from tympanic membrane to cochlea (inner ear)
  • Equalizes pressures on both sides of tympanic membrane
  • Pharyngotympanic tube revents membrane from rupturing
  • opens when yawning or swallowing
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14
Q

how does the middle ear provide protection?

A
  • reducing the motion of the ossicles resulting from very large sounds
  • is done by contracting two little muscles attached to malleus (tensor tympani and stapes)
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15
Q

what is the stapedius muscle?

A

the smallest skeletal muscle in the body

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16
Q

what happens when there is a sudden loud noise?

A

the muscles needs time to contract, so they do not always provied protection fot sudden noises (ex: gun shot)

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17
Q

how can a throat infection cause an infection to the middle ear?

A
  • the throat is involved with the pharyngotympanic tube which is connected to the middle ear.
  • pathogens in the throat can travel up the tube and cause otitis media
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18
Q

what does the inner ear contain?

A

1) bone labyrinth
2) Membranous labyrinth
3) Vestibule
4) Cochlea

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19
Q

what is the bony labyrinth and what does it contain?

A
  • canals hollowed out of the temporal bone
  • Contains 3 areas:
    1) semicircular canals
    2) vestibule
    3) cochlea
  • Filled with perilymph
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20
Q

what is the membranous labyrinth and what does it contain?

A
  • series of membranous sacs within bony labyrinth
  • Contains potassium-rich fluid called endolymph
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21
Q

what is the cochlea and what does it contain?

A
  • a spiral, conical, bony chamber that extends from the anterior vestibule
  • contains:
  • the cochlear duct, which ends at the cochlear apex
  • the organ of corti (hearing receptor)
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22
Q

what are the three chambers that the cochlea is divided into?

A

1) scala vestibuli
2) scala media
3) scala tympani

**image cut in cross section**

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23
Q

what is the helicotrema?

A

the part that the two points meet

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24
Q

what must be moved to get hearing receptor to act?

A

scala media

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25
Q

scala vestibuli and scala tympani facts

A
  • filled with perilymph
  • continuous with each other by the helicotrema
  • scala tympani terminates at the round window
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26
Q

what is the scala media filled with?

A

endolymph

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27
Q

what is the “floor” (scala media) composed of?

A

the basilar membrane

supports the organ of corti

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28
Q

what runs from the organ or corti to the brain?

A

the cochlear branch of nerve VIII

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29
Q

what is sound and how is it tansmitted?

A
  • a pressure disturbance originating from a vibrating object
  • represented by a wave
  • described by wavelength, frequency, and amplitude
  • short wave= high frequency= high pitch
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30
Q

what is the transmission of sound to the inner ear?

A

1) outer ear (pinna)
2) auditory canal
3) eardrum
4) middle ear (malleus, incus, stapes)
5) oval window
6) inner ear (scala vestibuli/tympani to cochlear duct)
7) the cochlear branch of nerve VIII
8) brain

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31
Q

what is the pathway of sound waves?

A
  • pressure waves created by the stapes, pushing the oval window moves through fluid in the scala vestibuli
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32
Q

what are short/stiff and long/floppy fibres and where are they located?

A

short/stiff fibres:

  • for loud sounds
  • found near base of cochlea (surrounding long/floppy fibres)

Long/floppy fibres:

  • for soft, quiet sounds
  • found in the centre of cochlea (inner part)
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33
Q

what is sound dependent on?

A

the fibres moving

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34
Q

what is the organ of the corti composed of?

A
  • supporting cells and outer/inner har cells
  • afferent fibres of the cochlear nerve attached to the base of hair cells
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35
Q

where is the stereocila (hairs) located?

A
  • protrude into the endolymph
  • touch the tectorial membrane
  • pushes against membrane when sound comes in
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36
Q

how does the excitation of hair cells int he organ of corti work?

A
  • bending cilia:
  • opens machanically gated ion channels (potassium/calcium)
  • causes depolarization hair cells that cause the release of neurotransmitters to cochlear nerve
  • neurotransmitters causes cochlear fibres to transmit impulses to the brain
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37
Q

what is the vistibular apparatus?

A

Equilibrium receptors in the semicircular ducts and vestibule

  • maintain out orientation and balanc in space
38
Q

what are the two different types of balance?

A

1) static balance
2) dynamic balance

39
Q

what is static gravity?

A

maintenance of position of the bosy relative to the force of gravity

  • forward, backward, side-to-side head movements
40
Q

what is responsible for static balance?

A

Vestibule

41
Q

what is dynamic balance?

A

maintenance of body position in response to sudden movements

ex: rotation, acceleration, deceleration sensed by the head

42
Q

what is the vestibule ?

A

the central egg shaped cavity of the bony labyrinth

43
Q

what are the two sacs suspended in the perilymph of the vestibule and their functions?

A

1) utricle (superior)
2) saccule (inferior)

Functions:

  • house equilibrium receptors in their maculae
  • respond to gravilty and changes in the position of the head
44
Q

what is in the walls of the utricle and saccule?

A

maculae

45
Q

what is the anatomy of maculae?

A

the sensory receptors for static equilibrium, in walls of utricle and saccule

  • contain supporting cells/hair cells
  • each hair cell has stereocilia embedded in the otolithic membrane
46
Q

what is the otholithic membrane?

A

jelly-like mass, studded with tiny CaCO3 stones called otoliths

47
Q

what responds to horizontal movement and what responds to veticle movements?

A
  • utricular hairs = horizontal movements
  • saccular hair = vertical movement
48
Q

what happens when the head bends forward?

A
  • otolithic membrane slides forward, bending the stereocila attached to the hair cells
  • hair cells move forward, opening mechanical gates which rushes in potassium, depolarizing hair cells, causing action potential
  • rate of fire neurons fires more forcefully
49
Q

what happens when the head tilts backwards?

A
  • potassium gates close and less neurotransmitter is released, causing less action potentials in the associated neuron
  • head bends back, neurons stop producing neurotransmitters

(rate of fire neurons fire less)

50
Q

what is used for dynamic balance?

A

the ampulla in the semicircular canals

51
Q

what are the semicircular canals?

A

three bony canals that lie in the three plans of space

  • anterior
  • posterior
  • lateral
52
Q

what is the crista ampullaris (crista)?

A
  • the receptor for dynamic equilibrium
  • located in the ampulla of each semicircular duct
  • responds to angular movements
53
Q

what happens with dynamic movements?

A
  • the semicircular ducts and hair cells move with it
  • endolymph (fluid in membrane) lags behind, pulling on the cupula
  • pulling of cupula causes the hair bundles to bend
  • bending of the stereocilia opens/closes the mechanical postassium gates, which causes hair cells to release more or less neurotransmitter, changin frequency of action potentials
54
Q

what is the equilibrium pathway to brain?

A
  • impulses travel along the vestibular brance of cranial nerve VIII, going straight to refelx centres in the brainstem and cerebellum
  • information is put togehter by information from the eyes and receptors that give information on body positioning to allow for reflex movement that maintains body position
55
Q

what is transmission deafness?

A
  • something covers sound conduction to the fluids of the inner ear
    ex: ear wax, ruptured ear drum
56
Q

what is osteosclerosis of the ossicles?

A

excessive hardening of bone which results in bone not being able to vibrate properly

57
Q

what is perceptive (sensorineural) deafness?

A

results from damage to the neural structures at any point of the choclear hair cells to the auditory cortical cells

58
Q

hearing aids only helps what form of deafness?

A

conductory deafness

59
Q

what is tinnitus and what causes it?

A

ringing of clinking sound in the ears in the absence of auditory stimuli

causes:

  • wax build up
  • drugs
  • perforated tympanic membrane
  • disturbance of auditory nerve or cerebral cortex
60
Q

what are components of the integumentary system?

A
  • skin
  • skin derivatives:
  • hair
  • glands
  • nails
  • sensory receptors
61
Q

why is skin considered an organ system?

A
  • conprises different tissues and organs
  • all 4 tissue type
  • hair, nails, lips, glands

one of the largest organs in the body

62
Q

what are the 7 major functions of skin?

A

1) protection
2) tempurature regulation
3) sensation
4) excretion
5) immunity to disease (defence)
6) vitamin D production
7) Behavioural

63
Q

what are the 2 major layers to the skin?

A

1) epidermis
2) dermis

64
Q

what is the epidermis made up of?

A

epithelial cells

65
Q

what is the dermis made up of?

A

connective tissue containing elastin and collagen

66
Q

what is the hypodermis?

A

layer between skin and muscles

  • fat is present here
  • not part of the skin
67
Q

what are the 5 layers of the epidermis?

A

1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum

(order from bottom to top)

68
Q

stratum basale facts

A
  • single layer of cuboidal/columnar keratinocytes
  • cells are alive and always dividing
  • when cells divide, one cell stays, other pushes up to next layer
  • has cells that produce melanin
69
Q

stratum spinosum facts

A
  • contains many filaments (spines) to join cells together
  • produces protein keratohyalin (protein granules)
70
Q

stratum granulosum facts

A
  • above stratum spinosum
  • cells start to die
71
Q

stratum lucidum facts

A
  • above stratum granulosum
  • only in palms of hands and soles of feet
  • cells are dead
  • filled with keratin
72
Q

stratum corneum facts

A
  • top layer of epidermis
  • outer layer of dead cells filled with keratin
  • can cause calluses from friction
73
Q

what is the difference of epidermis and dermis?

A

Epidermis:

  • avascular
  • innervated
  • epithelial cells
  • sensation but no blood supply

Dermis:

  • vascular
  • innervated
  • hair follicles
  • glands (oil/sweat)
74
Q

what are the two layers of the dermis?

A

1) Papillary region
2) reticular region

75
Q

what is in the papillary region?

A
  • finger like projections going into epidermis
  • firm and flexible junction
  • loose connective tissues for easier access of immune cells
  • has some sensory structures (innervated)
  • contins small blood vessels (vascular)
76
Q

what is in the reticular region?

A

below papillary region

  • dense connective tissue
  • elastin and collagen (flexible/strength)
  • contains various glands, nerve endings, blood vessels, hair follicles (vascular/innervated)
77
Q

what is the difference of the epidermis and dermis?

A

Epidermis:

  • epithial cells
  • Avascular
  • Innerveated
  • sensation, but no blood supply

Dermis:

  • vascular
  • innervated
  • hair follicles
  • glands (oil/sweat)
78
Q

what are the two cells found in the epidermis?

A

1) keratinocytes
2) melanocytes

79
Q

what are keratinocytes?

A

produce keratin, which protects the skin and keeps it waterproof

cell with keratin in it

80
Q

what are melanocytes?

A

produce melanin, one of the major pigments responsible for skin colour

protects skin from UV rays

81
Q

how do we get skin pigment?

A

from melanosomes

  • other cells takes up melanosomes, then breaks it which distributes the pigment
  • we have the same amount of melanocytes, the type of melanin produced distinguishes the different colours
82
Q

hair facts and functions

A
  • occurs on most skin surfaces
  • amount/distribution depends on age, gender, genetics
  • each hair made of dead keratinized cells

function:

sensation

protection

tempurature regulation

83
Q

what is th eimportance of sebaceous glands for hair?

A

as the hair grows, the sebaceous glands helps prevent hair from drying out/breaking

84
Q

where is the hair follicle found?

A

dermis

85
Q

what are the three types of glands of the skin?

A

1) sebaceous glands
2) ceruminous (wax) glands
3) sudoriferous (sweat) glands

86
Q

what is the use of sebaceous glands?

A
  • prevents hair from drying out and becomming brittle
  • keeps the skin pliable and hydrated
  • has some anti-microbial properties
87
Q

what is the use of ceruminous glands?

A
  • a wax located in ear canal
  • protects ear against dust, insects
  • has some anti-microbial properties
88
Q

what are the two types of sudoriferous glands?

A

1) apocrine
2) eccrine

89
Q

where is apocrine located and facts?

A
  • located around armpits and groin area
  • produces sweat but also has some fat/protein
  • gives out the yellowish colour in sweat
  • contains pheromones
  • not active before puberty
90
Q

where is eccrine located?

A

throughout the skin in most regions of the body

produces sweat

91
Q

what are some nail facts and functions?

A
  • from the epidermis
  • made of compacted, keratin filled, dead epithelial cells

Fucntions:

  • protect the tips of fingers and toes
  • aid to grasp/manipulate objects
  • sratching/digging
  • defense
92
Q
A

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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