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BIOL 1109 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skeleton composed of?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
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2
Q

What are the 2 types of bone?

A
  • Compact
  • Spongy
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3
Q

What are the features of bone?

A
  • Matrix is solid
  • 35-45% water and organic matter
  • 55-65% crystallized minerals (calcium/phosphate)
  • Vascular
  • Innervated
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4
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage in skeletal system?

A
  • hyaline
  • elastic
  • fibro
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5
Q

what are the features of cartilage?

A
  • matrix is flexible
  • 75% water
  • collagen/elastin fibres in gel like substance
  • gel like substance = chondroitin sulphate
  • avascular
  • no nerves
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6
Q

what is connective tissue?

A

cells and fibres immersed in a ground substance (matrix)

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7
Q

what are the 4 cell types in bone?

A

1) ostogenic cells
2) osteoblasts
3) osteocytes
4) osteoclasts

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8
Q

what are ostogenic cells?

A

undifferentiated cells

  • other cells arise from this cell (become osteoblasts)
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9
Q

what are osteoblasts?

A

forms the matrix and collagen fibres but can’t divide

  • makes the matrix to make our bones
  • osteoblasts turn into osteocytes
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10
Q

what are osteocytes?

A

mature cells that no longer make up the matrix

  • do not divide/ secrete matrix
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11
Q

what are osteoclasts?

A

huge cells that function in bone resorption

  • breaks down bone matrix
  • does not originate from ostogenetic cell
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12
Q

where is compact bone located?

A

shaft of long bones and external layer of all bones

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13
Q

what are some compact bone facts?

A
  • organized and strong
  • contains yellow bone marrow that stores triglycerides (fats)
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14
Q

what is the structure of compact bone?

A
  • osteon/haversian system
  • haversian canal
  • lacuna/lacunae
  • concentric rings/ lamellae
  • canaliculi
  • osteocytes
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15
Q

what is the osteon/haversian system?

A

concentric rings of calcified matrix surrounding haversian canal

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16
Q

what is lamellae?

A

the concentric rings surrounding the osteon/haversian system

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17
Q

what are lacunae?

A

empty spaces in osteon containing osteocytes

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18
Q

where are osteocytes found in compact bone?

A

lacuna

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19
Q

what is canaliculi?

A

small canals that connects one cell to another to let in nutrients/oxygen to cells in lacuna

  • how osteocytes communicate
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20
Q

what is canaliculi filled with?

A

extracellular fluid

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21
Q

what is the haversian canal?

A

canal in centre of osteon/haversian system that blood vessels, lymph vessles, and nerves run through

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22
Q

where is spongy bone located?

A

end of long bones and inside flat bones

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23
Q

what does spongy bone look like?

A
  • less organized
  • comprised of trabeculae and space for red bone marrow
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24
Q

what is trabeculae?

A

thin plates of bone in a fence like structure positioned along lines of stress

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25
Q

what are the spaces in the trabeculae filled with and why?

A

red bone marrow

  • formation of red and white blood cells
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26
Q

what are the 6 functions of bone?

A

1) protection
2) support
3) movement
4) forms units
5) blood cell production
6) storage

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27
Q

cartilage facts

A
  • no blood vessels or nerves
  • composed of chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)
  • occurs in lacunae
  • matrix contains translucent proteins
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28
Q

what makes up the matrix in catrilage?

A

chondroblasts

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29
Q

why does cartilage stay thin?

A

due to being avascular

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30
Q

what is perichondrium and what is the function?

A

connective tissue surrounding cartilage

  • function: blood vessels diffuse nutrients into cartilage
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31
Q

what are the 5 functions of cartilage in skeletal system?

A

1) forms embryonic skeleton (before born)
2) protection
3) cushioning
4) joins some bones
5) support/flexibility

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32
Q

what are the 5 major types of bone?

A

1) long bone
2) short bone
3) irregular bone
4) sesamoid bone
5) flat bone

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33
Q

what determines a long bone/example?

A

longer in length than width

ex: femur, radius

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34
Q

what determines a short bone/example?

A

approx equal length and width

ex: tarsals, carpal

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35
Q

what determines flat bones/example

A

flat/thin and greater area for muscle attachment

ex: scapula, ribs

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36
Q

what determines irregular bones/examples

A

can’t assign a shape to it

ex: some facial bones

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37
Q

what determines sesamoid bones/examples

A

bones within ligaments/tendons

ex: patella

often classified as irregular

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38
Q

what are the 2 principle components of a skeleton?

A

1) axial
2) appendicular

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39
Q

how many bones are in the body and how many bones do the axial/appendicular components contain?

A

206 bones total

80-axial skeleton

126- appendicular skeleton

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40
Q

what are the principle components of the axial skeleton?

A
  • skull
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebrae
  • ribs
  • sternum
  • ear ossicles

**the skull, vertebrae and rib cage**

41
Q

what are the bones in the skull?

A

1) parietal bone
2) frontal bone
3) occipital bone
4) temporal bone
5) maxilla
6) mandible

42
Q

what bone is located in the anterior neck?

A

hyoid bone

43
Q

what 3 bones are included in the skull?

A

1) malleus
2) incus
3) stapes

44
Q

what is the thorax?

A

a cage of bones

45
Q

where are the 2 locations that ribs are attached?

A

1) vertebral column at the back
2) sternum in front using hyaline cartilage

46
Q

how many ribs do we have ?

A

12

47
Q

what are ribs 1-7 called and location?

A

true ribs

  • attached by hyaline cartilage at sternum
48
Q

what are ribs 8-10 called and location?

A

false ribs

attached together by hyaline cartilage that is attached to 7th rib

49
Q

what are ribs 11 + 12 called and location?

A

floating ribs

not attached to sternum

50
Q

how many bones consists of the vertebral column and what are the different vertebrae names?

A

26 bones

1) cervical vertebrae (7) - neck
2) thoracic vertebrae (12) - chest
3) lumbar vertebrae (5) - lower back
4) sacrum (1 from 5 fused vertebra) - pelvis attaches
5) coccyx (1 form 4-5 fused bones)

51
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column?

A
  • strong/flexible
  • protects spinal cord
  • supports the skull
  • provides attachments of ribs and muscles
52
Q

what sections of the vertebral column is concave/convex?

A

concave:

  • cervicle
  • lumbar
  • coccyx

convex:

  • thoracic
  • saccral
53
Q

what does a typical vertebrae consist of?

A
  • centrum (vertebral body)
  • vertebral foramen
  • transverse process
  • spinous process
54
Q

what is the vertebral foramen?

A

opening that contains spinal cord

55
Q

what is the first cervical vertebrae and why?

A

atlas

  • holds skull
56
Q

what is the difference of atlas and axis complex?

A

Atlas:

  • supports the head
  • has no centrum (body)
  • 2 large superior surfaces which allows nodding movements

Axis:

  • centrum is peg shaped (dens)
  • atlas swivels around axis & dens (side to side movement)
  • longer spinous process than atlas
57
Q

what are the components and functions of the pectoral girdle?

A
  • clavicle (anteriorly)
  • scapula (posteriorly)
  • hold upper limbs to axial skeleton
58
Q

what are the components and functions of the pelvic girdle?

A
  • ilium
  • ischium
  • pubis

**fused together = innominate bone**

  • supports axial skeleton and allows some flexibility to pelvis
59
Q

what makes up the upper limb?

A

1) clavicle
2) scapula
3) humerus
4) radius (same side as thumb)
5) ulna
6) carpals
7) metacarpals
8) phalanges

60
Q

what makes up the lower limb?

A

1) hip bone (innominate bone)
2) sacrum
3) femur
4) patella
5) tibia
6) fibula
7) tarsals
8) metatarsals
9) phalanges

61
Q

what is the enlarged tarsal that forms the heel?

A

calcaneus

62
Q

what is the difference of a male and female skull?

A

Male:

  • bones generally larger/heavier
  • skulls generally larger
  • larger jaw/teeth
  • forehead tends to slope more

Female:

  • bones smaller/lighter
  • skull generally smaller
  • smaller jaw/teeth
  • forhead does not slope as much
63
Q

what is the most common and effective way to distinguish between a male and female skeleton?

A

examination of the pelvis

64
Q

what is the difference of a male and female pelvis?

A

Male:

  • heavier
  • more narrow
  • opening is smaller/more pear shape
  • funnel shaped pelvis

Female:

  • broader, lighter, smoother
  • opening is larger/ more circular for childbirth
  • basin shaped pelvis
65
Q

what is the difference of pubic arch angle for male and female?

A

Male: smaller than 90 degrees

Female: Greater than 90 degrees

66
Q

what is the difference of curvature in sacrum ad coccyx for male and female?

A

Male: more anterior curvature

Female: less anteior curvature

67
Q

what is the difference of the skull for babies vs adults?

A

Baby: length of skull is 1/4 of body length

Adult: length of skull is 1/8 of body length

68
Q

what is the difference of ossification in babies vs adults?

A

babies:

  • less ossification
  • fontanels in baby skull
  • more cartilage than bone

Adults:

  • Fontanels have fused together
69
Q

what are fontanels?

A

cartilage between bones in baby skull

70
Q

what is the difference of curves in vertabral column for babies vs adults?

A

Babies: single curve in fetus

(due to being in that position for 9 months)

Adults: 4 curves

71
Q

what is the head of the bone called?

A

proximal/distal epiphysis

72
Q

what is the neck of the long bone called?

A

Metaphysis

73
Q

what is the shaft of the long bone called?

A

diaphysis

74
Q

what is the epiphysial line?

A

region where bone grew in length

** after bone stops growing**

  • 2 in long bone
  • in metaphysis
75
Q

what is the epiphysial plate?

A

region where bone has room to grow

76
Q

what is the medullary cavity in long bone?

A

cavity in shaft of bone that contains blood vessels and is a storage area for fat

77
Q

what is endosteum?

A

thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity that contain cells involved in bone formation/maintenance

78
Q

what is perioteum?

A

tough membrane that covers the outer surface of the bone

  • contains cells involved in bone formation/maintenance
  • contains blood vessels which aids in bone nourishment
79
Q

what are the 2 types of ossification?

A

1) intramembraneous ossification
2) endochondral ossification

80
Q

what is ossification?

A

bone formation

81
Q

what is the difference of intramembraneous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A

intramembraneous- forms flat bones

endrochondrial- forms majority of bones

82
Q

what are the steps of intramembranous ossification?

A

1) mensenchymal cells come together to becomes osteoblasts
2) osteoblast start secreting uncalcified matrix
3) osteoblast becomes calcified, differentiating into osteocytes
4) matrix then forms around blood vessels forming trabeculae (spongy bone)
5) the osteocytes at the end of spongy bone rearrange into osteon which surrounds spongy bone
6) periosieum is then developed

83
Q

what are the steps of endochondral ossification?

A

1) starts with hyaline cartilage w/ mesenchymal cells present
2) mesenchymal cells in hyaline cartilage becomes chondrocytes
3) chondrocytes then secretes cartilage matrix
4) chondrocytes starts to die when matrix is calcified
5) blood vessles then invade the cartilage which makes osteoblasts secrete bone matrix
6) spongy bone starts to replace cartilage and spreads to ends of bones
7) osteoclasts starts ti breakdown some inside of spongy bone, producing the medullary cavity. Spongy bone at shaft is replace dby compact bone
8) more clusters of osteoblasts are differentiated at the end of bones
9) the remaining hyaline cartilage surrounding secondary ossification centre becomes articular cartilage/ epiphyseal plate

84
Q

what does the ackrynom Bones Can’t Pop During Exercise stand for?

A

B- bone collar formation

C- cavitation

P- Periosteal bud invasion

D- Diaphysis elongation

E- epiphyseal ossification

85
Q

what are 3 factors affecting ossification?

A

1) heredity (genetics)
2) nutrition
3) hormones

86
Q

how does bone grow in length?

A

growth at the epiphyseal plate

87
Q

what are the 4 zones of the epiphyseal plate?

A

1) zone of resting cartilage
2) zone of proliferating cartilage
3) zone of hypertrophic cartilage
4) zone of calcified cartilage

88
Q

what is the function of zone of resting cartilage?

A

no bone growth, anchor cartilage to bone

89
Q

what is the function of zone of proliferating cartilage?

A

chondrocytes are dividing and secreting extracellular matrix

**in growing carrtilage, chondrocytes can divide**

90
Q

what is the function of zone of hypertrophic cartilage?

A

mature chondrocytes

cells enlarge and then die

91
Q

what is the function of zone of calcified cartilage?

A
  • dead chondrocytes that have been calcified
  • osteoclasts deissilve cartilage
  • osteoblasts starts to lay down new bone replacing the cartilage
92
Q

how does long bone grow in girth for events in periosteum?

A
  • periosteum cells differentiate into osteoblasts
  • osteoblasts lay down new compact bone around periosteal blood vessels
  • osteoblasts differenciate into osteocytes
93
Q

how does long bone grow in girth for events in the endosteum?

A
  • osteoclasts erode endosteum
  • calcium is released into the blood stream
  • medually cavity enlarges (increases bone size w/o increasing bone weight)
94
Q

what are the 4 types of bone fractures?

A

1) simple (closed) fracture
2) compoud (open) fracture
3) comminuted fracture
4) greenstick fracture

95
Q

what is simple (closed) fracture?

A

clean break and bone does not protrude through skin

96
Q

what is compound (open) fracture?

A

clean break, skin protrudes out of skin

97
Q

what is comminuted fracture?

A

bone is crushed/ splintered at the break and fragments lie in between

  • happens mainly with elders
98
Q

what is greenstick fracture?

A

only one side of the bone is broken, other side is bent

  • often happens with small children

BIOL 1109 (10 decks)

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