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Zoology > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

molting ecdysis

A

flexible yet tough cuticle requires molting in order to grow, but also provides protection while being thinner and lighter than mineral skeleton

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2
Q

how times does annelids molt before maturing

A

4 times

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3
Q

what does molting often include in nematoda

A

metamorphosis

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4
Q

what does metamorphosis allow for nematoda to have

A

separate body plans in juveniles and adults

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5
Q

are nematoda tripoblastic bilateria

A

yes

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6
Q

what is pseudocoel a remnant of

A

blastocoel

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7
Q

pseudocoelmates

a body cavity (psedocoel or coelom)

A

space for development of organ systems
simple means of circulating materials around the body
a hydrostatic skelton

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8
Q

hydrostatic skeleton

A

fluid filled cavity is a more rigid structure for muscles to act against than the tissue filled body of an acoelomate

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9
Q

do most pseudocoelmates have a complete digestive tract

A

yes

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10
Q

Phylum Nematoda characteristics

A 
roundworms
25,000 species
marine, freshwater, wet soils, inside plants, and animals
unsegmented, pseudocoelmate, protosome, tribloblastic, bilaterians
vermirorm body
posses a complete gut
cuticle that molts
ubiquitous and abundant
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11
Q

vermifrom

A

worm like

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12
Q

do nematodes have a complete, one-way digestive tract

A

yes

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13
Q

what percentage of Phylum Nematoda is parastic

A

50%

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14
Q

is Phylum Nematoda an important group of parasites

A

yes

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15
Q

Phylum Nematoda form & functions

A

collagenous cuticles, secreted by hypodermis
4 juvenile stages, serparated by molts
mesoderm develops into muscle bundles around outside wall of body (longitudinal only, no circular)
degestive tract
dorsal and ventral nerve cords
nerve cords connected to circular ganglion (simple brain) around pharynx

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16
Q

digestive tract of Phylum Nematode

A

mouth > pharynx > intestine > rectum > anus

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17
Q

where does mesoderm develop into muscles bundles

A

around outside wall of body

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18
Q

how do muscles work in Phylum Nematoda

A

muscles sends out processes to dorsal and ventral nerves cords

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19
Q

how are muscles connected in Phylum Nematoda

A

connected not by nerves but by evaginations of muscles themselves

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20
Q

where do nerve cord connect in Phylum Nematoda

A

to circular ganglion (simple brain) around pharynx

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21
Q

Phylum Nematoda response to stimuli

A

fluid in pseudocoelom under high pressure
inelastic cuticle
these form a hydrostatic skeleton
only longitudinal muscles
contract muscles on one half of body then the other
can only bend in dorsal or ventral direction

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22
Q

what causes roundness in Phylum Nematoda

A

high pressure, cuticle contains pressure, can use pressure as a hydrostatic skeleton

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23
Q

can Phylum Nematoda move without a substrate

A

no

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24
Q

Phylum Nematoda energy transformation

A

pharynx opens into complete digestive tract, unidirectional processing of food
first animal we’ve really looked at that has a true one way digestive system
pharynx needed to pump food into digestive system because of that high internal pressure
anus opens using dilator muscles, pressure pushes contents out
may have “teeth” or stylet to puncture cells, depending on diet

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25
Q

Phylum Nematoda reproduction

A 
sexes vary depending on species
most are dioceious
some species have 3 or more sexes
copulatory spicules in males
ameboid sperm
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26
Q

ameboid sperm

A

move via pseudopods instead of flagellum

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27
Q

are spicules a true intromittent organ

A

no they do not conduct sperm

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28
Q

nematode who’s who in human diseases

A 
ascaris
pinworms
hookworms
trichina worms
filarial worms
guinea worms
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29
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

giant round worms

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30
Q

how many people are infect with Ascaris lumbricoides

A

807 to 1.2 billon people

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31
Q

how many eggs can a single female Ascaris lumbricoides reproduce in a day

A

200,000 eggs

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32
Q

how is Ascaris lumbricoides contracted

A

eating raw veggies contaminated with shelled juveniles often passes infection,

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33
Q

Enterobius vermicules

A

pinworms “seatworms”

relatively small, females with pointed posterior end, males curled

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34
Q

what is the most common nematode parasite in North America

A

Enterobious vermicularis
20% of children
10% of adults

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35
Q

what does “seatworm” refer to

A

main symptom of pinworm infection

itchy butt

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36
Q

how does Enterobius vermicules develop

A

males develop from unfertilized eggs,

females develop from fertilized eggs

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37
Q

Trichina worm

Trichinella spp

A

can infect humans through cysts in undercooked pork
one of largest known intracellular parasties
transforms host muscle cells into nurse cells

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38
Q

what causes trichinosis

A

encysted Trichinella

juveniles change host cell gene expression, become nurse cells that nourish worm

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39
Q

what can Trichina worms infect

A

wide variety of mammals

humans, pigs, rats, cats, dogs,

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40
Q

what can a heavy infection of Trichina worms cause

A

possible neurological symptoms, heart disease, and death

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41
Q

filarial worms

A

live in lymph passages and block flow of lymph

elephantiasis

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42
Q

elephantiasis

A

excessive growth of connective tissue, swelling

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43
Q

how many species of flarial worms infect humans

A

8

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44
Q

filarial worm: Dirofilaria immitis

A

carried by mosquitos

found in mammals(canids, felids, humans)

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45
Q

what is the prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis in dogs

A

may be as high as 20%

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46
Q

what is the most common filarial worm in the US

A

Dirofilaria immitis

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47
Q

guinea worms: Dracunculus medinensis

A

up to 1 meter long, 2 mm in diameter
unusual live cycle
juveniles escape host via open blister, exposing the adult female as well

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48
Q

how do you contract guinea worm: Dracunculus medinensis

A

by drinking stagnant water with copepods infected with larvae

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49
Q

copepods

A

tiny crustaceans

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50
Q

what does the blister of Dracunculus medinensis cause

A

intense burning sensation, called “fiery serpent”

51
Q

how so you remove Dracunculus medinensis

A

soaking in water to coax out worm and slowly pulling out
stop if resistance is met to avoid breaking worm
make take several days to fully extract
often kept wrapped around a stick to maintain tension

52
Q

what are nematodes important for

A

ecosystem function

especially carbon and nitrogen cycle

53
Q

metamerism

A

serial repetition of similar body segments, along longitudinal axis (metamere or somites)
seen in protostomes and deuterostomes
annelids, arthoprods, chordaes, segment- specific genes involved

54
Q

how are different body parts of an animal produced

A

activation of different combinations of genes in different segments

55
Q

do all cells within an organism have the same DNA

A

yes

56
Q

spicuncula

A

peanut worms, have lost segmentation, live in burrows

57
Q

Phylum Annelida characteristics

A

segmented
vermiform
protostome bilateral coelomates
use a hydraulic skeleton and setae (chaetae) for locomotion
most possess a complete digestive tract, filtration nephridia, and a closed circulatory system

58
Q

setae

A

bristles that help anchor things like earthworms in the soil and can help marine forms swim
lost in some groups

59
Q

what do annelids have on nematodes

A

true coelomic cavity
complex circulatory system with muscular vessels and aortic arches
specialization of head region

60
Q

metamerism

A

serial repetition of body parts

61
Q

coelomic cavity of annelids

A

expanded, divided by septa, allows for more control of body and hydrostatic skeleton

62
Q

circulatory system in annelids

A 
closed circulatory system
main dorsal and ventral vessels
aortic arches
each segment has vessels that branch from ventral vessels into organs and muscles
blood collects back into dorsal vessels
63
Q

aortic arches

A

function like heart, pump blood

64
Q

Phylum Annelids body form

A

well developed coelom, fluid functions as hydrostatic skeleton, helps with nutrient and oxygen transport
peritoneum lines segment, including septa
have chitinous setae, some with parapodia

65
Q

peritoneum

A

layer of mesodermal epithelium

66
Q

parapodia

A

paddle like appendages

chitinous setae on parapodia

67
Q

what divides segments

A

septa

68
Q

coelom of annelids

A

coelomic fluid helps with nutrient and oxygen transport, and also functions as a hydrostatic skeleton

69
Q

what does each segment of an annelid have

A

2 coelomic compartments, separated by mesentaries (dorsal and ventral) which support internal structures

70
Q

Phylum Annelid sementation

A

segmentation into metameres

repeated nervous system structures for coordination

71
Q

excretory system in Phylum Annelid

A

each segment contains a pair of nephridia
portion of the tubule that pierces the septum has a ciliated funnel on it
cilia beat and move fluid through into the next segment, then out of the excretory opening
niphridia selectivley uptake salts, glucose, and water

72
Q

nephridiopore

A

excretory opening

73
Q

what is so great about segmentation/metamerism

A

development of much greater complexity in structure and function possible
increased efficiency burrowing
independent and separate movements by different segments
fine control of movements= more sophisticated nervous system
built in redundancy- if one segment fails, others can still function

74
Q

Annelid diversity

A

22,000 species
marine, freshwater, moist terrestrail
traditionally divided into three group: polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches

75
Q

polychaetes

A

mostly marine, make up most of the annelids, errant and sedentary forms

76
Q

sedentaria

A

includes the earthworms and leeches, despite the fact that many move around

77
Q

echiura

A

recently moved to his position on tree, used to be sister taxa to annelids
not segmented, but had a segmented ancestor and lost segmentation

78
Q

clitellata

A

have clitellum

79
Q

clitellum

A

used in reproduction

80
Q

polychaete

A

have a lot of setae, generally have parapodia
saltwater only
make up 2/3rds of annelids

81
Q

errantia

A

motile polychaetes

82
Q

sedentaria

A

sedentary polychaetes, lives in tubes or burrows

83
Q

lugworm

A

lives in burrow, eats sand to get food

84
Q

oligochaete

A

have fewer bristle/setae than see in the polychaetes and have lost parapodia,
freshwater and moist terrestrial

85
Q

tubifex

A

live head-down in tubes, often found in sewer lines

86
Q

stylaria

A

long, pointed proboscis

87
Q

do leeches have a fixed number of segments

A

yes,

88
Q

leech characteristics

A

most freshwater, some marine or terrestrail
have suckers
many with y- shaped, cutting jaw

89
Q

polychaetes

A

errant and sedentary forms
over 10,000 described species
mostly marine

90
Q

polychaetes body form

A

head well developed, particularly in the errant form
prostomium-
persitomium-
parapodia-

91
Q

prostomium

A

in front of mouth, basically the head, doesn’t contain mouth, has sensory structures,

92
Q

persitomium

A

first body segment, behind the head, contains the mouth,

93
Q

parapodia

A

paddle like appendages that bear the setae

94
Q

errant polychaetes

A

free living
jaws
scavengers or predators

95
Q

sedentary polychaetes

A

tubes or burrows

filter or deposit feeders

96
Q

filter feeders

A

specialized segments that look like fans and move water,

generate mucous to capture food particles and transport it to the mouth

97
Q

deposit feeders

A

tentacles that extend from burrow to gather particles or suck water and sediment into burrow to get food particles out of sand

98
Q

olychaete reproduction

A

dioecious
most sexual reproduction, some asexual
external fertilization
no distinct gonads, masses of developing gametes develop as swelling of peritoneum in some segments

99
Q

how do polychaetes gametes develop in some

A

gametes develop in a chain of segments called an epitoke

100
Q

what kind of larvae do polychaetes have

A

trochophore larvae

101
Q

atoke

A

stays in sediment (can create new epitoke for next spwaning period/season)

102
Q

how do polychaetes know when to swarm

A

by lunar phase, pheromones, water temperature, or combination

103
Q

what is synchronous spawning good for

A

increasing chance of fertilzation in broadcast spwaners

104
Q

why is synchronous spawning bad

A

attracts a lot of things trying to eat

105
Q

oligochaetes

A

few setae
lack parapodia
>3,000 species
freshwater, terrrestrail, a few marine or parasitic

106
Q

what is setae used for during locomotion

A

used to anchor self

107
Q

oligochaetes response to stimulus

A

cephalization

in some species the prostomium is prehensile and can be used to drag things like grass and leaves into their burrow

108
Q

cephalization

A

paired ganglia make up the brain, connect to ventral nerve cord which has paired ganglia in each segment for coordination, generally more adapted for a burrowing lifestyle (some non-burrowing forms have tentacles on prostomium)

109
Q

oligochaete reproduction

A 
monoecious
clitellum
true gonads
mostly sexual reproduction
direct development (no larval stage)
110
Q

oligochaete sexual reproduction

A

bring ventral surface together, mucocus secreted by clitellum and setae hold them together
sperm is discharged form genital opening and moves through seminal grooves on outside of body to the seminal receptacle of the other individual, after sperm exchanged, worms part way

111
Q

what do oligochaete do after sexual reproduction

A

each worm produces a mucous band around clitellum, then a tougher band around that to form a cocoon with mucous inside
cocoon slide forward over head
as it passes oviduct it picks up eggs, and as it passes seminal receptacle picks up sperm from other worm

112
Q

where does embryonic development take place

A

in cocoon until young worms hatch

have direct development no larval stage because they are on land

113
Q

hirudinea

A 
leeches
700 species
mostly freshwater
no setae (few exceptions)
lack septa between segments
anterior and posterior suckers
bloodsuckers secrete anticoagulant (hirudin), lack digestive enzymes
114
Q

what takes up most of the inside of leeches

A

connective tissue and muscle

115
Q

do leeches burrow

A

no

116
Q

what is the anterior suckers for in leeches

A

feeding

117
Q

what is the posterior suckers for in leeches

A

for attachment and leverage

118
Q

anticoagulant

A

hirudin

119
Q

can leeches secrete anesthetic

A

yes,

120
Q

what do leeches rely on for digestion

A

bacteria

121
Q

leeches in medicine

problem- microsurgical procedures that restore arteries, but not delicate veins

A 
solution: leeches
vasodilation
anticoagulant
anethetic
cheap
cool
122
Q

leech reproduction

A 
monoecious
true gonads
sexual reproduction
internal fertilization
direct development
often a higher level of parental investment
123
Q

when is clitellum present in leeches

A

only during breeding season, secretes cocoon for eggs and sperm, development occurs inside cocoon

124
Q

where can leech cocoon be attached

A

to submerges objects or buried, some keep cocoon attached to ventral surface of parent for protection

Zoology (7 decks)

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