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Zoology > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

list of phlya so far

A 
protozoa
metazoa
parazoa
eumetazoa
radiata
bilateria
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2
Q

two major groups within bilateria

A

protostomes

deuterostomes

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3
Q

two major groups of protostomes

A

lophotrochozoa

ecdysozoa

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4
Q

coelum

A

internal fluid filled body cavity

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5
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

have fluid filled cavity but mesoderm only lines outside, not gut

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6
Q

acoelomate

A

the only cavity is the gut tube, mesoderm region is solid tissue

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7
Q

pseudocoelomates

A

mesoderm inside the ectoderm, but digestive tract is not lined with mesoderm

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8
Q

coelomate

A

see the tube within a tube

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9
Q

cephalization

A

concentrate sense organs in one area (head) along with the control of the nervous system (brain)
better to know where one is going than where one has been

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10
Q

triploblastic bilateria

A

fate of blastopore
cleavage pattern of embryo
origin of coelomic cavity, if present
regulation of embryo development

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11
Q

fate of blastopore

A 
a protostome (blastopore to mouth)
b deuterostome (blastopore to anus)
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12
Q

cleavage pattern of embryo

A

a protostome- sprial

b deuterostome- radial

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13
Q

origin of coelomic activty, if present

A

a protostome- schizocoely

b deuterostome- enterocoely

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14
Q

regulation of embryo development

A

a protostome- mosaic (split embryo to death)

b deuterostome- regulative (split embryo to multiple embryo)

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15
Q

can protostome and deuterostome be grouped on evolutionary relationships and make monophyletic clades

A

yes

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16
Q

are diploblastic organisms acoelmate

A

no, they are not

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17
Q

are three major body plans make up clades

A

no

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18
Q

lophotrochozoa

A

groups with trochopore

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19
Q

ecdysozoa

A

groups with ecdyse or shed their integument

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20
Q

phylum platyhelminthes characteristics

A

“flatworms”- body flattened dorso-ventrally
acoelomate
protostome- one opening to digestive tract
bilaterians
mostly aquatic or parasitic
typically posses flame cells (protonephridia)

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21
Q

acoelomate protostome bilaterians

A

lack a coelom, mesoderm fills in space between ectoderm and endoderm, no fluid filled space

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22
Q

where does phlyum platyhelminthes live

A

marine and freshwater environments, some on land but require pretty moist environment

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23
Q

aquatic

A

water

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24
Q

marine

A

saltwater

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25
Q

what do platyhelminthes have on cnidarians

A

organ level of organization
cepahlization, some centralization of nervous system
digestive & excretory systems

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26
Q

what do platyhelminthes not have

A

respiratory system or circulatory system- still rely on diffusion

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27
Q

what makes diffusion possible in platyhelminthes

A

their flattened body

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28
Q

how does digestion work in turbellarians

A

they are predators, extracellular digestion via enzymes followed by intracellular digestion
have one opening gut, food waste is just spit out

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29
Q

where is mouth on a turbellarian

A

not on the head but on end of the pharynx that extends form mid- body

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30
Q

is the pharynx eversible

A

yes

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31
Q

eversible

A

can be extended

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32
Q

intestine in turbellarians

A

may be simple or branched in different species

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33
Q

do tapeworms have a digestive system

A

no, they absorb nutrients from host intestines through their tegument

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34
Q

parachyma

A

cellular, mesodermally derived true tissue

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35
Q

ectoderm

A

epidermis, sensory and nervous structures

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36
Q

mesoderm

A

musculature, gonads, parachyma

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37
Q

endoderm

A

gut wall

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38
Q

where is ectoderm seen

A

free living species

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39
Q

rhabdites

A

secrete mucus- mostly seen in free living groups

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40
Q

viscid and releasing glands (dual gland adhesive organs)

A

good for adhering to surfaces and then quickly detaching

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41
Q

anchor cells

A

two viscid glands and one releasing gland lie in parachyma, attached to a nerve
organism anchors to microvilli to substrate using excretions of viscid glands, then detatches by excretionsof releasing glands

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42
Q

where is ciliated cellular epidermis seen

A

free living groups

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43
Q

where is ectoderm - syncytial tegument seen

A

in parasitic forms

44
Q

what is syncytial tegument

A

many nuclei occur within a single, continuous cell membrane,
non-ciliated protective layer, involve din host-parasite interactions, serves secretory and absorptive functions

45
Q

neodermata

A

new skin, referring to this syncytial tegument

46
Q

are rhabodites found in neodermata

A

no

47
Q

flame cells

A

protonephridia

primarily for osmoregulation

48
Q

protonephridia

A

first kidney

49
Q

where can seletive reabsorption take place

A

along tube cell before exiting nephriodiopore

50
Q

how does excretory system work

A

flagella beat and create negative pressure to draw water and waste products in through small perforations in weir

51
Q

ganglion

A

simple anterior brain

52
Q

rheoreceptors

A

detect water currents

53
Q

statocysts

A

equilibrium

54
Q

sense organs

A

ocelli
auricles
statocysts
rheoreceptors

55
Q

how does the nervous system work in planaria

A

longitudinal nerve cords in pairs, carry nerve impulses to muscles, allowing coordinated activity

56
Q

what does planaria represent with the central nervous system

A

simplest living animals with a CNS

57
Q

platyhelminth reproduction

A

asexual

sexual

58
Q

sexual reproduction in platyhelminth

A

most are hermaphroditic (monoecious)- some are dioecious
use cross- fertilzation
direct development in free-living & forms with single host
endoparasites have complicated life cycles & multiple hosts

59
Q

asexual reproduction in platyhelminth

A

fission- binary, schizogeny

60
Q

what do neoblasts allow

A

for planaria and other turbellarians to reproduce asexually via fission

61
Q

neoblasts

A

adult stem cells, can also allow regeneration

62
Q

pluripotent

A

cells that can generate any cell type

63
Q

how much of planarian genes have human counterparts

A

about half

64
Q

4 classes of Phylum Platyhelminths

A

Class Turbellaria
Class Trematoda
Class Monogenea
Class Cestoda

65
Q

Class turbellaria

A

free living

66
Q

Class Trematoda

A

endoparastic flukes

67
Q

Class Monogenea

A

ectoparastic flukes

68
Q

Class Cestoda

A

tapeworms (endoparastic)

69
Q

non- Turbellaria

A

all parastic, can be grouped together in the Neodermata due to presence of tegument

70
Q

Class Turbellaria characteristics

A

4,500 species
mostly free living
5mm-60cm long
most have ciliated epidermis

71
Q

how does Class Turbellaria move

A

move by cilia, muscular undulations, or both

utilize mucus slime track and adhesive organs

72
Q

life cycle of Class Turbellaria

A

simple, generally no direct development,

no distinct larval stages, juveniles hatch as miniature adults

73
Q

is it more energetically taxing to maintain both sexes

Class Turbellaria

A

yes

74
Q

what is the advantage of maintaining both sexes

Class Turbellaria

A

if there is not a lot of mates since mating will produce fertilization in both partners

75
Q

penis fencing in flatworms

Class Turbellaria

A

one tries to stab the other to inseminate without getting inseminated itself

76
Q

Class Trematoda Characteristics

A

20,000 species

flukes, all parastic

77
Q

what are most Class Trematoda endoparasites of

A

vertebrates

78
Q

what are some adaptations Class Trematoda have for parastitism

A

non-ciliated, synctial tegument- protective
feed by rasping host tissue, feeding on bile
penetration glands
suckers & hooks
glands to produce cyst material
increased reproductive capacity

79
Q

where are organs involved in penetration of host tissues of Class Trematoda found

A

in cercaria

80
Q

attatchment organs in Class Trematoda

A

two suckers are characteristic

81
Q

why does Class Trematoda produce cysts

A

so larvae can encyst in tissues

82
Q

major features seen in general in parasites

A

high reproductive output

put out a lot of eggs and embryos

83
Q

why do parasites ouput a lot of eggs and embryos

A

not a great chance they will make it to next host so high output helps their chances

84
Q

what is a sign of a good parasite

A

high reproductive output

not killing your host

85
Q

Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea complex lifecycle

A

at least 2 hosts
1-3 intermediate hosts (usually includes snails at some point) reproduce asexually
definitive vertebrate host- reproduce sexually

86
Q

how many stages does Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea have

A

can have as many as 7 life stages

87
Q

how does the Class Trematoda, Subclass Dignea life cycle work

A

fertilization within vertebrate, eggs excreted( in urine or feces)
eggs hatch and form free living stage of life cycle
miracidium infects intermediate host- snail by active or passive transmission
undergoes asexual reproductin in intermediate host by sporocyst
sporocysts create redia
redia form cercaria
cercaria can infect definitive hosts by several routes- schistosmoa, can invade second intermediate host, form metacercaria, then be eaten by definitive host

88
Q

miracidium

A

free living stage of life cycle

89
Q

active transmission

A

free swimming miracidium disperse and penetrate intermediate host

90
Q

passive transmission

A

eggs with miracidia eaten and hatch within intermediate host

91
Q

cercaria

A

free swimming

92
Q

schistosoma

A

burrows directly into skin

93
Q

Class Monogenea characteristics

A

1,000 species
flukes, all parasitic- mostly ectoparasties on fish, have opisthaptor
simple life cycle

94
Q

opisthaptor

A

attatchment organ, posterior

95
Q

live cycle of Class Monogenea

A

egg> ciliated larva> attach to host

96
Q

what do ectoparasites require?

A

well developed attachment organs

97
Q

where does Class Monogenea live mostly

A

on gills or skin of fish

one species does infect mammals by parasitizing the eye of hippopotamus

98
Q

what does Class Monogenea feed on

A

blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of host

99
Q

does Class Monogenea cause a lot of damage

A

not usually, unless there are excessive parasite loads

100
Q

Class Cestoda characteristics

A 
tapeworms
3,500 species
no digestive system
scolex for attachment
proglottids (strobilla)
at least 2 hosts in life cycle
101
Q

what kind of definitive host does Class Cestoda have

A

vertebrate

102
Q

how does Class Cestoda absorb nutrients without a digestive system

A

absorb nutrients from host via diffusion, microtriches

103
Q

what is the most common tapeworm species that infects humans

A

Taenia

104
Q

how do you get tapeworms

A

by eating undercooked meat such as beef and fish

105
Q

for Taenia who is the definitive and intermediate hosts

A

definitive host- humans

intermediate host- pigs or cows

106
Q

life cycle of Taenia

A

eggs shed in human feces, ingested by pig or cow, larva migrate to muscles and encyst
cysts in undercooked meet or raw meat leads to infection in humans

107
Q

how can cysticercosis occur in humans

A

if human ingests eggs and acts as intermediate, or if proglottid ruptures within human host eggs hatch, can lead to painful spot in muscles and also cysts in brain

Zoology (7 decks)

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