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Zoology > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

opisthokonta

A

single posterior flagellum (when present)

fungi, choanoflagellates, animals

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2
Q

choanoflagellates

A

sister group to animals, very similar to collar cells in sponges

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3
Q

what surrounds the flagellum in opisthokonta

A

collar of microvilli

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4
Q

what does the beating of flagellum in opisthokonta do?

A

moves water through collar where food particles are filtered and collected

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5
Q

who shares a more recent common ancestor with the metazoa than the rest of the opisthokonta

A

choanoflagellates

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6
Q

what confirmed sponges are the earliest branch of the animal tree?

A

molecular phylogenetics

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7
Q

what happened when sponge genome was sequenced?

A

they are very similar t o other animals

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8
Q

what does sponge genome show evidence of?

A

all animals are descended from common ancestor of sponges and humans

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9
Q

what are the core building blocks of multicellular organisms?

A

cell specification
cell adhesion
self recognition

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10
Q

what is present in sponges?

A

all the core building blocks for complex multicellular organisms

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11
Q

what can sponges be used to study?

A

the origin of cancer

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12
Q

what does multicellularity go hand in hand with

A

cancer

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13
Q

what genes lead to cancer by their disruption

A

genes that regulate cell cooperation and division

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14
Q

where are the same genes that lead to cancer found?

A

sponges

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15
Q

Metazoa

waht makes something an animal?

A 
motile, multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes
ingest nutrient
lack cell walls
store carbs as glycogen
characteristic development
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16
Q

glycogen

A

storage of glucose in animals

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17
Q

characteristic development in animals

A

generally go through blastula stage, with few characteristics development patterns that lead to different animal body plans

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18
Q

2 major early evolutionary branches of metazoa (animals)

A

1- parazoans

2- eumetazoans

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19
Q

parazoans

A

“beside animals”
no true tissues
collection of cells, no tissue-level organization

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20
Q

example of parazoans

A

sponges

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21
Q

eumetazoans

A

“true animals” have distinct, specialized tissues

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22
Q

example of eumetazoans

A

anything else

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23
Q

what sets parazoans from colonial protists

A

differentiated cells (true mulicellularity)

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24
Q

sponges

A

assemblege of cells in extracellular matrix

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25
Q

what evidence showed that sponges were animals

A

moleular evedience, tells us we share a common ancestor with other animals

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26
Q

what clade has the most of the major animal groups

A

eumetazoa

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27
Q

Phylum Porifera

A 
9,000 species, all aquatic
"pore bearing"
cellular level of organization
no stomach
adults are sessile, larva is motile
generally asymmetric
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28
Q

cellular organization

A

cells suspended in matrix, somewhat independent, collection of cells embedded in mesohyl

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29
Q

how does digestion occur in Phylum Porifera?

A

digestion is intracellular

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30
Q

what does Porifera rely on water currents for?

A

to bring food and oxygen, and to remove waste

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31
Q

can porifera form relationships?

A

yest with other species such at crabs and corals

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32
Q

does porifera have natural enemies?

A

no have few

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33
Q

3 advantages of multicellular organisms

A

allows cell specialization, can function more efficiently
allows increase in size, can escape predation
allows for more elaborate shapes

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34
Q

3 disadvantages of multicellular organisms

A

with specialized cells, how to tell self from non-self?
can’t fit in smaller places
as you get bigger diffusion becomes less efficient to transport nutrients and waste

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35
Q

what is something sponges can only do?

A

be split apart and reform together

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36
Q

what are cells suspended in sponges

A

mesohyl

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37
Q

4 cells in sponges

A

pinacocytes
porocytes
choanocytes
archaeocytes

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38
Q

pinacocytes

A

similar to epithelial cell, thin and flat, cover surface

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39
Q

are pinococytes considered true tissue?

A

no because they do not rest on basal membrane

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40
Q

porocytes

A

flagellum surrounded by collar of microvilli

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41
Q

choanocytes

A

flagellum by collar of microvilli

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42
Q

achaeocyctes

A

main function is to receive food particles and digest

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43
Q

what can archaeocytes do?

A

differentiate into other types
sclerocytes
spongocytes
collencytes

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44
Q

sclerocytes

A

spicules

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45
Q

spongocytes

A

spongin

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46
Q

collencytes

A

collagen

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47
Q

3 organization shcemes of sponges

A

1- asconoid
2- syconoid
3- leuconoid

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48
Q

asconoid

A

flaggellated spongocoel, only found in Calcarea

scaling is limited

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49
Q

syconoid

A

flagellated canals, only in Calcarea

more efficient but still can’t get very big

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50
Q

leuconoid

A

flagellated chambers

can get fairly large

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51
Q

what is most common orginizational scheme of sponges

A

leuconoid

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52
Q

what happens to number of choanocytes when volume increases

A

increases

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53
Q

what kind a feeder are sponges?

A

filter feeders

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54
Q

how does filter feeding work?

A

ostia and oscula

pumps huge volumes of water through chambers in bodies to catch food particles (and carry waste away)

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55
Q

food acqusition in porifera

A

water flows through canals/chambers, causes by choanocytes, water flows through mesh and food particles get stuck, moved down to cell body and phagocytized

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56
Q

do sponges have organs?

A

no

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57
Q

how does respiration and excretion occur?

A

diffusion

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58
Q

what do sponges rely on for all life processes

A

movement of water

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59
Q

how much water do sponges filter each day?

A

thousands of liters

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60
Q

sponge symbioses

A

form relationships with other species such as crabs and corals

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61
Q

sponge reproduction

A

can be sexual or asexual

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62
Q

sexual reproduction in sponges

A

monoecious, release sperm into water
free-swimming paranchymula larvae changes into sessile adult
flagellated ball of cells settles down and forms a sac, flagellated cells migrate to interior to form choanocytes

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63
Q

asexual reproduction in sponges

A

fragmentation or budding, or gremmules

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64
Q

gemmules

A

dormant masses of archaeocytes, (like a spore)

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65
Q

are marine sponges a rich source of bioactive compounds?

A

yes

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66
Q

4 classes of sponges

A

homoscleromorpha
calcarea
demospongiae
hexactinellida

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67
Q

homoscleromorpha

A

thin encrusting sponges with simple silaceous spicules (or none), cells have true basement membrane (incipient tissue)
tend to live in cyrptic habitats so often over looked
more common near shore, can live in deeper water

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68
Q

calcarea

A

spicules made of calcium carbonate, tend to be small, simpler (tube or vase shaped)
can be any body shape

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69
Q

demospongiae

A

silica (glass like substance) or organic spongin (collagen) or both, bath sponges only have spongin
larger species, relatively complex body types
some freshwater species

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70
Q

what class of sponges makes up 80% of all sponges

A

demospongia

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71
Q

hexactinellida

A

silica spicules, “glass sponges”, more open shape, tend to live in deep ocean
may have syncytial bodes

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72
Q

how many rays foes a hexactinellida spicules have?

A

6

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73
Q

synctyial body

A

many nuclei within a single very large cell

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74
Q

what do spicules often do in Class Hexactinellida

A

fuse together, giving more rigidity

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75
Q

protoplasmic

A

single celled eukaryote

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76
Q

developmental biology

A

study of irreversible events from zygote to death

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77
Q

what do all animals share

A

the same fundamental development pattern for the first several divisions only

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78
Q

what divisions do all animals have

A

fertilization
zygote
cleavage

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79
Q

what are the cleavage patterns

A

no cleavage, spiral, radial

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80
Q

blastula

A

hollow mass of cells

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81
Q

blastoderm

A

gives rise to other tissue types

“first tissue”

82
Q

blastocoel

A

cavity of blastula

“first cavity”

83
Q

gastrulation

A

some surface cells move inward

induced cell differentiate

84
Q

cell differentiation

A

acquire new characters via differential gene expression

85
Q

what does the movement of cell inwards create

A

gastrocoel

86
Q

what is the gastrocoel

A

future gut cavity

87
Q

during gastrulation what occurs

A

new embryonic tissues form

88
Q

diploblast

A

endoderm

ectoderm

89
Q

triploblast

A

endoderm
mesoderm
ectoderm

90
Q

1st major branch within metazoa

A

parazoa and eumetazoa

91
Q

when does cleavages stop

A

until there is a hollow ball of cells

92
Q

what happens first during gastrulation

A

1st endoderm and ectoderm differentiate

93
Q

2nd major branch of metazoa

A

diploblastic and triploblastic bilateria

94
Q

symmetry in animals

A

spherical
radial
bilateral

95
Q

spherical symmetry

A

protozoa

96
Q

radial

A

radiata (sea stars, urchins)
diploblast
good for sessile and free-floating animals because you encounter your environment from all directions

97
Q

bilateral

A

most animal groups

triploblasts

98
Q

what type of secondarily can some animals become

A

radially symmetric

99
Q

radiate characteristics

A

Cnidaria and Ctenophora
primary radial or biradial symmetry
tissue level of organization
diploblastic

100
Q

what does ectoderm develop into

A

epidermis

101
Q

what does endoderm develop into

A

gastrodermis

102
Q

eumetazoa

A

true tissue cells, connected by junctions and bound to basal lumina, leads to effective subcompartmentalizaiton

103
Q

cnido

A

nettle

104
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A 
10,000 species
mostly marine
solitary or colonial lifestyle
planula larva
tentacles comtaining cnidocytes with cnidae
105
Q

planula larva

A

ciliated, flattened, free swimming

106
Q

cnidocytes

A

cell

107
Q

cnidae

A

organelle within cnidocytes

108
Q

most common cnidae

A

nematocysts

109
Q

nematocysts

A

stinging organelle

110
Q

what have Cnidarians got on poriferans

A

true germ layers (diploblasitc)
nervous system (nerve net)
gastrovascular cavity with one opening (extracellular digestion)
primitive muscular system with locomotion

111
Q

sense organs

A

statocysts

ocelli

112
Q

statocysts

A

sense balance/ equilibrium

113
Q

do Cnidarians have true muscles

A

no, they don’t have mesoderm

114
Q

what can contract body/tentacles

A

myofibrils in epitheliomuscular cells

115
Q

what does the Cnidarian primitive muscular system allow

A

for them to be more active can search for food

116
Q

complexity of Cnidarians

A 
true tissues
gastrovascular cavity
epidermis
endodermal gastrodermis
mesoglea
mostly water
117
Q

2 body forms of Cnidaria

A

medusa

polyp

118
Q

medusa

A

motile

119
Q

polyp

A

sessile

can form colonies

120
Q

what came first polyp or medusa

A

believed polyp then medusa

121
Q

circular myofibrils in gastrodermis

A

longitudinal myofibrils in epidermis, permits expansion and contraction with hydrostatic skeleton

122
Q

what does extra mesoglea do in medusa

A

stiffens body and provides resistance

123
Q

where is a nematocysts housed

A

in a cnidocyte

124
Q

what covers a nematocyts

A

by an operculum

125
Q

operculum

A

cover/flap

126
Q

what triggers a nematocysts

A

cnidocil

127
Q

cnidocil

A

modified cilium

128
Q

when a nematocyt is fired can it be reloaded

A

no, cell is reabsorbed and replaced

129
Q

what happens when a nematocyt contacts with prey/threat

A

threadlike filament injects venom

130
Q

volvents

A

like a lasso that wrap around and grab

131
Q

glutinants

A

sticky stuff

132
Q

nematocyst firing

A

high osmotic pressure inside cnidocyte, when triggered permeability changes, water rushes in and forces nematocyst out

133
Q

nematocyst everted in spiral fahsion

A

spins like a rifle bullet; barbs may hold it in prey’s tissue

134
Q

gastrovascular cavity

A

a single opening cavity

capture prey and insert into mouth, start digestion extracellularly with enzymes, finish with intracellular digestion

135
Q

shortcomings of gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians

A

sequential breakdown not possible

can’t start a new meal

136
Q

what else does the gastrovascular cavity serve for

A

respiratory, circulatory, and excretory functions

137
Q

how do cnidarians respond to stimulus

A

nerve net

138
Q

how do nerve nets work in cnidarians

A

they have 2 nets that are interconnected (gastrodermal, epidermal)
it has 2 way transmission
synapses with sensory cells, epitheliomuscular cells, and nematocysts

139
Q

why is a nerve net advantageous to a cnidarian?

A

they can sense their environment

140
Q

Class Hydrozoa characteristics

A

3600 species
freshwater & marine
solitary or colonial
generally asexual polyps with sexual medusae

141
Q

how do the 2 body forms of medusa and polyp work in the class Hydrozoa

A

they can have both, they can have just one body form, but most are polyp dominated

142
Q

what can a group of class hydrozoa do when only polyp form

A

reproduce asexually and sexually

143
Q

what can a group of class hydrozoa do when they are medusa form only

A

generally only reproduce sexually

144
Q

what is a common genus of class hydrozoa

A

hydra

145
Q

where do fresh water species of genus hydra live

A

underneath lily pads and leaves

146
Q

what do freshwater species of genus hydra feed on

A

small crustaceans and worms

147
Q

what body form is the genus hydra of class hydrozoa

A

they are polyp only

148
Q

how do the genus hydra of class hydrozoa move

A

mostly sessile but can move by somersaulting

149
Q

how does the genus hydra of class hydrozoa reproduce

A

asexual reproduction via budding
sexual reproduction in autumn
gonads form on surface of body, produce tough encapsulated embryo that hatches in spring

150
Q

genus hydratinia what do they do with their buds

A

they do not detach but form a interconnected colony in only polyp form

151
Q

what does some genus hydratinia have

A

specialized polyps
gastrozooids
dactylozooids
gonozooids

152
Q

gastrozooids

A

for feeding

153
Q

dactylozooids

A

defense

154
Q

gonozooids

A

reproduction

155
Q

what does a colonial form of genus hydratinia share

A

a gastrovascular cavity

156
Q

stolon

A

root for attachment to substrate

157
Q

hydranth

A

gastrozooid

158
Q

gonangium

A

gonozooid

159
Q

what is a good example of colonial hydrozoan

A

genus obelia

160
Q

what is the life cycle of genus obelia of class hydrozoan

A

alternates between medusa and polyp stages

161
Q

how does reproduction occur in genus obelia

A

asexual in polyp- buds don’t detach and form part of colony
can differentiate into different types
sexual reproduction in medusa- release egg and sperm, develops planula larva

162
Q

what is the genus physalia

A

not a jellyfish

are siphonophore

163
Q

siphonophore

A

floating colonial polyps, made up of different zooids

164
Q

are the stings of the genus physalia painful

A

yes but not deadly

165
Q

how do you combat a sting from the genus physalia

A

vinegar and heat

166
Q

class scyphozoa characteristics

A

“true jellies”
200 species
marine, solitary, polyp stage reduced
mesoglea

167
Q

what body form is class scyphozoa mostly

A

medusa

168
Q

mesoglea in class scyphozoa

A

sometimes has cells and usually has elastic fibers used to provide resistance when swimming

169
Q

genus aurelia of class scyphozoa

A

“moon jellies”
polyp medusa alternation but medusa dominated
seperate sexes

170
Q

extumbrella

A

dome part of genus aurelia

171
Q

medusa form of genus aurelia

A

extumbrella and 4 oral lobes/arms with mouth in center

172
Q

what is it like inside of the medusa form of genus aurelia

A

4 gastric pouches which connect to radial/ring canal system for circulating nutrients, pouches also contain gonads

173
Q

how does reproduction occur in genus aurelia

A

planula develops into scyphistoma, then strobila, then strobilation to produce more medusae

174
Q

class Cubozoa characteristics

A

“box jellies”
40 species
medusa form dominant
active predators

175
Q

what helps class cubozoa be active predators

A

strong swimmers and potent venom

twitch tentacles to attract fish and actively attack them

176
Q

what does class cubozoa have

A

photoreceptors

177
Q

rhopalium

A

cluster of sensory structures with statocysts, ocelli and lensed eyes

178
Q

do some complex, image forming”true” eyes found in rhopalium of some cubozoans

A

yes

179
Q

where does good images form

A

behind the retina

180
Q

what do the eye of cubozoans have

A

underfocused and will miss fine details

focused on large scale features of environment

181
Q

class Anthozoa characteristics

A 
6,000 species
all marine
polyp only, medusa absent
reproduce sexually or asexually
anemones and corals
182
Q

what is the largest group that contains most of the species of phylum cnidaria

A

class anthozoa

183
Q

what forms of the coral surface in class anthozoa

A

sheet of living tissue that connects all the gastrovascular cavities

184
Q

how does eating occur in class anthozoa

A

during day photosynthesis by symbiotic algae

at night feeding of polyps on suspended plankton

185
Q

what are sea anemones compared to other polyp forms

A

larger and heavier

186
Q

are sea anemones carnivorous

A

yes, eat things like fish

187
Q

what strengthens body walls and increases surface area for digestion and absorption

A

septae

188
Q

siphonglyph

A

in corners of mouth create water currents directed into the pharynx to bring in oxygen and remove waste

189
Q

do sea anemones move

A

no mostly sedentary but can close mouth and use hydrostatic skeleton to “swim”

190
Q

class antozoa and mutualism

A

mucus produced on clownfish allows them to live in sea anemones without getting stung
fish get protection and some food, anemone gets protection and nutrients form waste

pom-pom crabs carries anemones around in its claws for defense and possibly to stun prey, anemone gets transported and can capture more food

similar on hermit crabs shells, will remove sea anemone from old shell and put it on their new shells

191
Q

coral reefs

A

large structures made of the calcium carbonate secretions of some anthozoans

192
Q

how are coral reefs built

A

corals convert calcium and carbonate ions form seawater into limestone

193
Q

what layer of coral reefs is living

A

only the top/outer layer

the rest of the layers are calcium carbonate secretions

194
Q

hexamerous

A

6 fold body symmetry

195
Q

essential mutualism in coral reefs

A

reef building coral and endosymbiotic zooxanthellae
zooxanthellae gives food and O2 to host, recycle P&N, and enhance CaCO3 depostion, provide color
coral gives nutrients and shelter, get enough energy to secrete calcium carbonate skeleton

196
Q

are zooxathellae picky

A

yes they need it warm but not too warm, low turbidity, and just right salinity

197
Q

coral bleaching and global warming

A

increased temperatures damages photosynthetic pathway, releasing harmful oxidants.
diffuse into coral tissue, harm mutualism, and algae leave or are expelled by immune response of coral

198
Q

can coral survive bleaching

A

yes, but not for long

also makes it harder to outcompete algae

199
Q

what is leading to coral bleaching

A

increased co2
overfishing
eutophication

200
Q

eutophication

A

adds nutrients

Zoology (7 decks)

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