Week 1 Flashcards
5 characteristics of life
1- energy transformation, gas exchange 2- complexity 3- reproduce/grow 4- response to stimuli 5- evolving
energy transformation
convert energy from one form to another form
examples of energy transformation
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
breathing
eating
complexity
higher level of organization
examples of complexity
complex organic molecules
cellular structures
reproduce/ grow
development
response to stimuli
movement
seasonality
does evolving occur on the same time scale as other characteristics?
no
zoology
the study of animals
what is an animal
heterotrophic
motile (at some point)
multicellular eukaryotes
any organism that develops from a blastula
blastula
hollow ball of cells that forms after the first several cell divisions
is blastula unique to animals?
yes
how many of all described species are invertebrates?
95%
what approximation of all invertebrates are insects in the Phylum Athropoda?
3/4
what is the approximation of all vertebrates that are fish?
1/2
4 interrelated areas we will study
1- taxonic diversity of life
2- phylogenetic unity of life
3- functional diversity of life
4- structural diversity of life
taxonomic diversity of life
species and higher taxas
phylogenetic unity of life
all animals connected by common ancestry
functional diversity of life
how different groups cope with the basic demands of life on Earth in a variety of environments
structural diversity of life
how meeting these demands has led to different morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors
why study zoology
appreciation of biodiversity
what is the largest group of animals?
Anthropods
are mammals a relatively large part of the animal kingdom
no, they make up a small part
Humans depend on animals
1- food
2- ecological services
humans are impacted by animals
1- invasive species
2- diseases of other animals
how do humans get food from animals
indirectly or directly
examples of food
honey, dairy, meat, eggs, insects
what are some ecological services humans get from animals
population control of other animals
pollinations
examples of ecological services
bees, bats, birds pollinate crops
parasitic wasp controls aphids
wovles control deer poplation
coral reef formation and services they provide
example of invasive species
zebra mussels
examples of diseases of other animals we interact with
fascioloides magna- infects sheep and other ruminants
examples of diseases of humans
elephantiasis- symptoms of lymphatic filariasis which is caused by nematode worm infection
are humans animals?
yes
reasons to study animals
1- humans depend on animals
2- humans are impacted by animals
3- humans are animals
how are all animals connected?
by common ancestry
what does understanding structure, function, ecology, and evolution of animals tell us?
how human characteristics came to be and how we fit in
can we track the appearance of various characteristics seen in humans through animal lineage and even earlier?
yes
characteristics of humans in other animals
sponges cnidarians annelids chordates bony fish amphibian nonavian reptile mammal primate
scientific method
1- make an observation 2- ask a question 3- formulate a hypothesis 4- test hypothesis 5- draw conclusions 6- make findings known to others
proximate cause
how
ultimate cuase
why
proximate cause of lemurs
mosquitos repelled
ultimate cause of lemurs
fewer bites, less disease, more attractive mates, better survival, better chance of leaving more offspring
what is zoology interested in? proximate or ultimate cause
ultimate cause
evolution
descent with modification
what is evolution
change in the frequency of alleles with respect to other versions of the gene within a population
mechanisms for change
1- mutation
2- natural selection
genetic drift
migration or gene flow
genetic drift
genetic makeup of a population is reduced by random chance
migration or gene flow
individuals move between populations
evidence for evolution
fossil records
comparative anatomy and embryology
comparative biochemistry
biogeography
what do fossil records provide evidence for?
perpetual change over time, and the fact that earth is very old
can we rely solely on fossil records?
no we can’t
homology
lines of common descent lead to shared characteristics, inherited from a common ancestor
anaolgy
common environment or lifestyle can lead to superficially similar characteristics
vestigia
traits or structures that no longer function
comparative biochemistry
DNA and RNA
biogeography
Galapagos finches
comparative anatomy and embryology
homologies, vestigia
phylogeny
pattern of genealogical realtionships among species
phylogenetics
the study of phylogenetic relationships and the use of phylogenetic tress to elucidate evolutionary phenomena
taxonomy
the practice of recognizing, naming, and ordering groups
cladistic taxonomy
uses cladogram as the model for organizing and naming
example of taxonomy
linnaean taxonomy
Carl von Linne
1707- 1778
“Carolus Linnaeus”
seminal work of Carl von Linne
Systema Naturea- 1758
what did Carl von Linne introduce
hierarchical classification and binomial nomenclature
is Carl von Linne system still used today?
yes
cladogram
more general than a phylogenetic tree, shows pattern of derived characters among groups
does cladogram indicate evolutionary time?
no
phylogenetic tree
branches indicate evolutionary time and show common ancestors
Tree terminology
1- taxa/tips 2- nodes 3- branches 4- root 5-outgroup
taxa/tips
individual species
sister taxa
more recent ancestors with each other than other taxon
nodes
ancestors shared in common by specific groups of taxa
branches
genealogical continuity between ancestors and their descendants
root
lineage of the common ancestors of all these taxa, which orients us in time from the oldest common ancestor, to the most recent
outgroup
related to all species here but not part of interest
amphioxus
small marine animals found widely in the coastal waters of the warmer parts of the world and less commonly in temperate waters
monophyletic
group includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants,
paraphyletic
includes most recent common ancestor and SOME descendants
polyphyletic
doesn’t include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group
what is monophyletic synonymous with
clade
what does polyphyletic have
has at least 2 evolutionary origins
reading trees
tip doesn’t matter, relationship does
tip order does not reflect time
tips are not ancestors
space between tips and branches have no meaning
length of branches can have multiple meanings
branches length meanings
simplest form- no inherent meaning except lineage
amount of evolutionary change
time since common ancestryd
parisomy
other things being equal, a simpler explanation is better than a more complex one
is homoplasy the same as analogous characteristics
yes
what is convergent evolution
a type of homoplasy
what are the arm bones in all tetrapods
homologous
synomorphies
a homologous trait this is shared among certain species and is similar because it was modified in a common ancestor
what are synamorphies
shared, derived trains
adaptive zone
characteristic reaction and mutual relationship between environment and organism, a way of life and not a place where life is led
grade
taxon forming a distinct adaptive zone
