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Zoology > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

5 characteristics of life

A 
1- energy transformation, gas exchange
2- complexity
3- reproduce/grow
4- response to stimuli
5- evolving
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2
Q

energy transformation

A

convert energy from one form to another form

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3
Q

examples of energy transformation

A

cellular respiration
photosynthesis
breathing
eating

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4
Q

complexity

A

higher level of organization

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5
Q

examples of complexity

A

complex organic molecules

cellular structures

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6
Q

reproduce/ grow

A

development

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7
Q

response to stimuli

A

movement

seasonality

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8
Q

does evolving occur on the same time scale as other characteristics?

A

no

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9
Q

zoology

A

the study of animals

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10
Q

what is an animal

A

heterotrophic
motile (at some point)
multicellular eukaryotes
any organism that develops from a blastula

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11
Q

blastula

A

hollow ball of cells that forms after the first several cell divisions

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12
Q

is blastula unique to animals?

A

yes

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13
Q

how many of all described species are invertebrates?

A

95%

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14
Q

what approximation of all invertebrates are insects in the Phylum Athropoda?

A

3/4

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15
Q

what is the approximation of all vertebrates that are fish?

A

1/2

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16
Q

4 interrelated areas we will study

A

1- taxonic diversity of life
2- phylogenetic unity of life
3- functional diversity of life
4- structural diversity of life

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17
Q

taxonomic diversity of life

A

species and higher taxas

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18
Q

phylogenetic unity of life

A

all animals connected by common ancestry

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19
Q

functional diversity of life

A

how different groups cope with the basic demands of life on Earth in a variety of environments

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20
Q

structural diversity of life

A

how meeting these demands has led to different morphologies, physiologies, and behaviors

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21
Q

why study zoology

A

appreciation of biodiversity

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22
Q

what is the largest group of animals?

A

Anthropods

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23
Q

are mammals a relatively large part of the animal kingdom

A

no, they make up a small part

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24
Q

Humans depend on animals

A

1- food

2- ecological services

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25
Q

humans are impacted by animals

A

1- invasive species

2- diseases of other animals

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26
Q

how do humans get food from animals

A

indirectly or directly

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27
Q

examples of food

A

honey, dairy, meat, eggs, insects

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28
Q

what are some ecological services humans get from animals

A

population control of other animals

pollinations

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29
Q

examples of ecological services

A

bees, bats, birds pollinate crops
parasitic wasp controls aphids
wovles control deer poplation
coral reef formation and services they provide

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30
Q

example of invasive species

A

zebra mussels

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31
Q

examples of diseases of other animals we interact with

A

fascioloides magna- infects sheep and other ruminants

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32
Q

examples of diseases of humans

A

elephantiasis- symptoms of lymphatic filariasis which is caused by nematode worm infection

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33
Q

are humans animals?

A

yes

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34
Q

reasons to study animals

A

1- humans depend on animals
2- humans are impacted by animals
3- humans are animals

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35
Q

how are all animals connected?

A

by common ancestry

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36
Q

what does understanding structure, function, ecology, and evolution of animals tell us?

A

how human characteristics came to be and how we fit in

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37
Q

can we track the appearance of various characteristics seen in humans through animal lineage and even earlier?

A

yes

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38
Q

characteristics of humans in other animals

A 
sponges
cnidarians
annelids
chordates
bony fish
amphibian
nonavian reptile
mammal
primate
39
Q

scientific method

A 
1- make an observation
2- ask a question
3- formulate a hypothesis
4- test hypothesis
5- draw conclusions
6- make findings known to others
40
Q

proximate cause

A

how

41
Q

ultimate cuase

A

why

42
Q

proximate cause of lemurs

A

mosquitos repelled

43
Q

ultimate cause of lemurs

A

fewer bites, less disease, more attractive mates, better survival, better chance of leaving more offspring

44
Q

what is zoology interested in? proximate or ultimate cause

A

ultimate cause

45
Q

evolution

A

descent with modification

46
Q

what is evolution

A

change in the frequency of alleles with respect to other versions of the gene within a population

47
Q

mechanisms for change

A

1- mutation
2- natural selection
genetic drift
migration or gene flow

48
Q

genetic drift

A

genetic makeup of a population is reduced by random chance

49
Q

migration or gene flow

A

individuals move between populations

50
Q

evidence for evolution

A

fossil records
comparative anatomy and embryology
comparative biochemistry
biogeography

51
Q

what do fossil records provide evidence for?

A

perpetual change over time, and the fact that earth is very old

52
Q

can we rely solely on fossil records?

A

no we can’t

53
Q

homology

A

lines of common descent lead to shared characteristics, inherited from a common ancestor

54
Q

anaolgy

A

common environment or lifestyle can lead to superficially similar characteristics

55
Q

vestigia

A

traits or structures that no longer function

56
Q

comparative biochemistry

A

DNA and RNA

57
Q

biogeography

A

Galapagos finches

58
Q

comparative anatomy and embryology

A

homologies, vestigia

59
Q

phylogeny

A

pattern of genealogical realtionships among species

60
Q

phylogenetics

A

the study of phylogenetic relationships and the use of phylogenetic tress to elucidate evolutionary phenomena

61
Q

taxonomy

A

the practice of recognizing, naming, and ordering groups

62
Q

cladistic taxonomy

A

uses cladogram as the model for organizing and naming

63
Q

example of taxonomy

A

linnaean taxonomy

64
Q

Carl von Linne

1707- 1778

A

“Carolus Linnaeus”

65
Q

seminal work of Carl von Linne

A

Systema Naturea- 1758

66
Q

what did Carl von Linne introduce

A

hierarchical classification and binomial nomenclature

67
Q

is Carl von Linne system still used today?

A

yes

68
Q

cladogram

A

more general than a phylogenetic tree, shows pattern of derived characters among groups

69
Q

does cladogram indicate evolutionary time?

A

no

70
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branches indicate evolutionary time and show common ancestors

71
Q

Tree terminology

A 
1- taxa/tips
2- nodes
3- branches
4- root
5-outgroup
72
Q

taxa/tips

A

individual species

73
Q

sister taxa

A

more recent ancestors with each other than other taxon

74
Q

nodes

A

ancestors shared in common by specific groups of taxa

75
Q

branches

A

genealogical continuity between ancestors and their descendants

76
Q

root

A

lineage of the common ancestors of all these taxa, which orients us in time from the oldest common ancestor, to the most recent

77
Q

outgroup

A

related to all species here but not part of interest

78
Q

amphioxus

A

small marine animals found widely in the coastal waters of the warmer parts of the world and less commonly in temperate waters

79
Q

monophyletic

A

group includes most recent common ancestor and all descendants,

80
Q

paraphyletic

A

includes most recent common ancestor and SOME descendants

81
Q

polyphyletic

A

doesn’t include most recent common ancestor of all members of the group

82
Q

what is monophyletic synonymous with

A

clade

83
Q

what does polyphyletic have

A

has at least 2 evolutionary origins

84
Q

reading trees

A

tip doesn’t matter, relationship does
tip order does not reflect time
tips are not ancestors
space between tips and branches have no meaning
length of branches can have multiple meanings

85
Q

branches length meanings

A

simplest form- no inherent meaning except lineage
amount of evolutionary change
time since common ancestryd

86
Q

parisomy

A

other things being equal, a simpler explanation is better than a more complex one

87
Q

is homoplasy the same as analogous characteristics

A

yes

88
Q

what is convergent evolution

A

a type of homoplasy

89
Q

what are the arm bones in all tetrapods

A

homologous

90
Q

synomorphies

A

a homologous trait this is shared among certain species and is similar because it was modified in a common ancestor

91
Q

what are synamorphies

A

shared, derived trains

92
Q

adaptive zone

A

characteristic reaction and mutual relationship between environment and organism, a way of life and not a place where life is led

93
Q

grade

A

taxon forming a distinct adaptive zone

Zoology (7 decks)

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