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Zoology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

do unicellular eukaryotes have tissues or organs?

A

no

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2
Q

what do unicellular eukaryotes have?

A

specialized organelles to perform different functions

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3
Q

what can special features of unicellular eukaryotes organelles be defining characteristics for?

A

different unicellular eukaryote clades

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4
Q

what do some of these unicellular eukaryote organelles resemble?

A

prokaryotic organisms (membranes DNA)

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5
Q

are cells basic units of life?

A

yes

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6
Q

does having larger organisms without cellular differentiation work ?

A

no

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7
Q

example of large organisms without cellular differentiation that work

A

some marine algae

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8
Q

what does multicellularity allow

A

larger size and other advantages

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9
Q

protoplasmic

A

single celled eukaryotes

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10
Q

what can colonials have

A

not specialized, multicellular organisms have some specialization, such as for reproduction

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11
Q

cell-tissue

A

similar cells collect into tissues that perfrom specific function

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12
Q

tissue- organ

A

organs usually multiple kinds of tissue and have more specialized function than tissues

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13
Q

organ system

A

organs working together to perform functions

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14
Q

levels of organization

A 
cytoplasmic
cellular
cell-tissue
tissue-organ
organ-system
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15
Q

example of cytoplasmic

A

unicellular eukaryotes

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16
Q

example of cellular

A

colonial protists, sponges

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17
Q

example of cell-tissue

A

Cnidarians (jellies, corals, anemones)

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18
Q

example of tissue-organ

A

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

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19
Q

example of organ-system

A

most other animal groups

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20
Q

types of body symmetry

A

none, radial, bilateral, spherical, asymmetry

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21
Q

metazoa

A

“along with/ among animals”

eukaryotic multicellular heterotrophs with differentiated cells, generally synonymous with “animals”

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22
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

metazoans

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23
Q

4 characteristics of animals

A

1- heterotrophic
2- motile (at some point)
3- multicellular eukaryotes
4- any organism that develops from a blastula

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24
Q

when do fossil records indicate first appearance of metozoa?

A

700 MYA

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25
Q

what did metazoa likely evolve from?

A

colonial protist choanoflagellate

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26
Q

choanoflagellates

A

1- single- celled and some colonial, flagellates, protozoa
2- often spherical with long flagellum surrounded by a collar of microvilli, very similar to a layer of flagellated cells found in sponge body
3- over time, teamed up to more efficiently filter water and get food
4- many gene families in common with animals

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27
Q

protozoa-

A

“first animal”

unicellular

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28
Q

are protozoa technically animals?

A

no

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29
Q

what does studying protozoa help us understand?

A

origins of animals

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30
Q

does protozoa have a huge or small diversity?

A

huge

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31
Q

what are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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32
Q

what do protists make up several of?

A

groups, mostly unicellualr, mostly microscopic eukaryotes

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33
Q

how many protozoa named?

A

64,000 species

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34
Q

are protozoa a monophyletic group?

A

no

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35
Q

is “protozoa” formal or informal?

A

informal

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36
Q

what are protists

A

any eukaryote that is not an animal, fungus, or plant

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37
Q

protoplasmic

A

complex, semifluid, translucent substance that constitutes the interior matter of a living cell and is composed of proteins, fats, and other molecules suspended in water. It includes the cytoplasm, the nucleus in eukaryotes, and organelles such as mitochondria

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38
Q

what do characteristics do protists specialized organelles have?

A

no germ layer present, no organs or tissues

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39
Q

are protozoa one group?

A

no, divided up into many different groups

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40
Q

are choanoflagellates aniamals?

A

no, they are a sister group to metazoa (animals)

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41
Q

how did eukarya evolve?

A

primary due to endosymbiosis

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42
Q

mitochondria

A

proteobacterium able to derive energy from carbon compounds using oxygen produced by cyanobacteria
anaerobic bacterium that engulfed this proteobacterium developed ability to survive in oxygen-rich environment produced as cynaobacterium multiplied

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43
Q

plastid

A

cynobacterium, primary endosymbiosis of photosynthetic cyanobacterium led to plants

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44
Q

what evidence do we have that eukarya evolved from endosymbosis?

A

mitochondria have their own cell membranes, have their own DNA, and reproduce via fission

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45
Q

is archaea more closely related to eukaryotes or bacteria?

A

to eukaryotes

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46
Q

endosymbosis

A

organism living inside another

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47
Q

protozoa form and function

A 
defense 
locomotion
nutrition
osmoregulation
reproduction
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48
Q

what do protozoa use for defense?

A

extrusomes such as trichocysts

test, pellicle,

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49
Q

what do predatory protists use?

A

toxicysts in capturing prey

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50
Q

extrusomes

A

membrane-bound organelles that extrude something from cell

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51
Q

test

A

hard shell of calcium carbonate or silica

protection from predators, potentially, but in some cases can also protect from dry habitats

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52
Q

pellicle

A

actin microfilaments reinforce cell membrane,

not so much to help keep them from being eaten but makes the cell a bit more resilient to damage

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53
Q

defense mechanisms of protozoa

A

extrusomes
test
pellicle

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54
Q

is flagella and cilia structurally the same?

A

yes

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55
Q

how does cilia propel water?

A

parallel to cell surface

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56
Q

how does flagella propel water?

A

parallel to axis of flagellum

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57
Q

are cilia and flagella “unidulipodia”?

A

yes

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58
Q

sliding tubule hypothesis

A

small arms of periphral tubule pairs powered by ATP, walk along adjacent microtubules bending of flagellum/cilium due to resistance of “spokes”

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59
Q

what does cytoplasmic streaming do to pseudopodia?

A

pushes it forward through gel/sol transitioning
endoplasm flows into ectoplams cap, crosslinks to form gel-liek ectoplasm, at back end transitions back to sol. requires substrate to pull body forward

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60
Q

what is the chief means of locomotion in ameboid cells

A

pseudopodia

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61
Q

different forms of pseudopodia

A

lobopodia
filopodia
reticulopodia
axopodia

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62
Q

lobopodia

A

large, blunt extensions

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63
Q

filopodia

A

thin extenstions

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64
Q

teticulopodia

A

repeatedly rejoinn to form net-like mesh

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65
Q

axopodia

A

contain rod of microtubules

66
Q

how do protozoa get food

A

some have plastids obtained from endosymbiosis and are autotrophs, some need to get thieir food and are heterotrophs

67
Q

are protozoa exclusively autotrophs or herterotrophs

A

no

68
Q

2 basic modes of heterotrophy

A

1- phagotrophs

2- osmotrophs

69
Q

phagotrophs (halozoic feeders)

A

ingest “visibble” particles

70
Q

osmotrophs (saprozoic feeders)

A

ingest food in soluble form

71
Q

what does holozoic nutrition use?

A

phagocytosis

72
Q

phagocytosis

A

membrane invaginates around a food particle

73
Q

cytosome

A

“cell mouth”

74
Q

what happens during phagocytosis?

A

food is enclosed in a food vacuole, lysosomes fuse and dump enzymes in to digest contests

75
Q

osmoregulation

A

in freshwater, concentration of solutes inside of cell is higher than outside, water enters the cell and causes swelling and possible burst

76
Q

what do contractile vacuoles do?

A

pump ions in, water follows, release to outside of cells

77
Q

what do unicellular organisms use diffusion for?

A

exchange materials with environment

78
Q

can diffusion be a problem?

A

yes, depending on the environment

79
Q

how do protozoa reproduce?

A

asexual or sexual

80
Q

protozoa asexual reproduction

A

via fission- (binary fission, budding, schizogeny, sporogeny)

81
Q

protozoa sexual reproduction

A

via syngamy (autogamy or conjugation)

82
Q

sporogeny

A

forming spores

83
Q

syngamy

A

fertilization of one gamete by another to form a zygote

84
Q

what is standard fertilization for protozoa?

A

syngamy

85
Q

autogamy

A

gametic nuclei arise and fuse to form zygote inside parent organisms

86
Q

conjugation

A

exchange of gametic nuclei between paired organisms

87
Q

can protozoa have complex life cycles?

A

yes, they can have alternating sexual and asexual stages

88
Q

7 important “protozoan” groups

A 
1- metamonada
2- euglenozoa
3- stramenopiles/heterokonta
4- alveolata
5- plantae/archaeplastida
6- amoebozoa
7- opsithokonta
89
Q

is metamonada a settled group?

A

no

90
Q

what unites Retortomonada, Diplomonada, and Parabasalids?

A

lack of mitochondria,

91
Q

does Retortomonada, Diplomonada, and Parabasalids make up a monophyletic group?

A

no

92
Q

Fornicata group

A

Retortomonada and Diplomonada appear to be closely related and probably make up a monophyletic group

93
Q

what are ameobas?

A

recurrent body form, showing up in several different groups

94
Q

examples of metamonada group

A

Trichonympha and Mixotricha

95
Q

what is Trichonympha and Mixotricha?

A

Parablasids, which are common endosymbionts found in termite and cockroach guts

96
Q

what is metamonda similar to?

A

rumen ciliates in that they help termites and cockroaches break down cellulose in wood

97
Q

what does Trichonympha have?

A

its own endosymbiotic bacteria that produce cellulase to break down wood fibers, and other symbiotic bacteria that help them move around and produce energy in place of mitochondria

98
Q

Euglenozoa (protozoa group)

A

microtubules beneath plasma membrane stiffen membrane into a pellicle

99
Q

what variety of organisms are included in

A

parasites, autotrophs, heterotrophs, and mixotrophs

100
Q

what in euglenids are secondarily derived?

A

chloroplasts when present

101
Q

what are chloroplasts in euglenis most closely related to?

A

green algae

102
Q

what do many euglenids have?

A

stigma, or eyespot

103
Q

what is Euglena

A

mixotroph

104
Q

what is a mixotroph?

A

can use photosynthesis when light is present but in dark the plastids shrink up and they can take up nutrients from environment

105
Q

kinetoplast

A

many copies of mitochondrial DNA in single oversized mitochondrion

106
Q

what is kinetoplast possible involved in?

A

changing metabolism associated with parasite life cycle stages

107
Q

stramenopiles

A

heterokonts

“staw-like”

108
Q

what is the most important producer in marine photosyntheis?

A

diatoms

109
Q

heterokonts

A

two different flagella

110
Q

what is considered to be in Stramenopiles group?

A

diatoms, brown and yellow algae

111
Q

examples of brown algae

A

kelp, wakame, and kombu

112
Q

what are yellow algae generally?

A

unicellular part of plankton community

113
Q

is brown algae multicellular or unicellular?

A

multicellular

114
Q

diatoms

A

unicellular, photosynthetic microalgae with cell wall of silica

115
Q

how much do diatoms contribute to oceanic primary production of organic material

A

up to 45%

116
Q

are diatoms a crucial component of carbon cycle?

A

yes, they reduce atmospheric CO2, produce 20% of oxygen on the planet

117
Q

what is kelp?

A

a large macroalgae

118
Q

what brown algae is edible?

A

wakame and kombu

119
Q

alveoli

A

membrane-bound vesicles supporting membrane and forming a stiff but flexible pellicle

120
Q

three major groups of alveolata

A

ciliophora
dinoflagellata
apicomplexa

121
Q

ciliophora

A

posses cilia at some state

122
Q

examples of ciliophora

A

Paramecium, Stentor, Vorticella

123
Q

Dinoflagellata

A

“red tides”

124
Q

example of Dinoflagellata

A

zooxanthellae

125
Q

Apicomplexa

A

endoparastic, have apical complex

126
Q

examples of Apicomplexa

A

Plasmodium, Toxoplasma

127
Q

where is ciliophora common?

A

almost anywhere water is

128
Q

how many species of ciliophora

A

3,500 described, 30,000 total

129
Q

what is ciliophora to protozoa?

A

one of the largest and most complex

130
Q

ciliophora

A

presence of cilia, which beat synchronously and aid in locomotion and obtaining food

131
Q

how is cilia on ciliophora

A

in rows, tufts, spirals, or sheets

132
Q

what makes up a large percentage of the endosymboints of ruminants and help to digest cellulose fibers

A

certain ciliates

133
Q

what does increased nutrient loading from human activity lead to in Dinoflagellata

A

blooms or “red tides”

134
Q

what can dinoflagellata blooms produce?

A

toxins which can adversely effect fish, shellfish industry, and poison humans

135
Q

what can happen when dinoflagellata blooms die off?

A

deplete oxygen in environment and suffocate marine life

136
Q

are dinoflagellatea that is bioluminescent toxic

A

no

137
Q

what is bioluminescent blooms used for?

A

defense mechanism,
used to startle or ward off predators, kind of like a “burglar alarm” attracts attention to predator which may then be subject to predation by higher trophic levels

138
Q

where can Dinoflagellata live as mutualists?

A

protozoa, anemones, corals, and clams

139
Q

what does rise in water temperature lead to?

A

loss of zooxanthellae and coral bleaching

140
Q

plantae (Archaeplastida)

A

plants and their relatives,

vascular plants, bryophytes, green algae, red algae, glaucophytes

141
Q

where is chloroplasts in Plantae derived?

A

from primary endosymboisis and cynobacterium

142
Q

Viridiplantae (green plants)

A

green algae, bryophytes, vascular plants

143
Q

what is plantae in broad sense

A

Archaeplastida- green plants, plus red algae and glaucophytes

144
Q

what is plantae in strict sense

A

Viridiplantae- green plants( green algae and land plants)

145
Q

bryophytes

A

non-vascular plants (mosses, hornworts, liverworts)

146
Q

glaucophytes

A

small group of rare freshwater microscopic algae, may be basal than rest of Archaeplastida

147
Q

basal

A

similar to common anscestor

148
Q

examples of unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms of green algae

A

Chlamydomonas, Gonium, and Volvox

149
Q

characteristics of Amoebas

A

pseudopodia
phagocytosis
may have a “test”

150
Q

what makes up many limestone and chalk deposits?

A

Foraminiferans with their tests

151
Q

heterolobosea

A

includes “brain-eating” ameba Naegleria fowleri

152
Q

Naegleria fowleri

A

Lives in warm water and causes amebic meningoencephalitis when water is inhaled. Migrates along olfactory nerve to brain and causes hemorrhage and necrosis, nearly always resulting in death.

153
Q

Amoebozoa are?

A

unikonts (when flagella present), sister group to opsithokonta

154
Q

opisthokonta

A

pole/flagellum

155
Q

what are considered opsithokonta?

A

fungi, choanoflagellates, aimals

156
Q

characteristics of opisthokonta?

A

one posterior flagellum (when present)

157
Q

choanoflagellates

A

sister group to animals, very similar to cells in sponges

158
Q

what does a collar of microvilli surrounding a flagellum do?

A

beating of flagellum moves water through collar where food particles are filtered and collected

159
Q

trichocyst

A

any of numerous minute rodlike structures, each containing a protrusible filament, found near the surface of ciliates and dinoflagellates

160
Q

what helps to keep water out of a protozoa when there is too much

A

contractile vacuole

161
Q

if a unicellular eukaryote is in a well suited environment will it sexually or asexually reproduce

A

asexually

162
Q

if a unicellular eukaryote is in a an environment it is not well suited for what type of sexual reproduction will it use?

A

sexual

Zoology (7 decks)

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