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Bioscience 1 > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell

A
  • basic structural unit in the human body
  • each cell digests nutrients, ejects waste and carries out activities necssary to stay alive
  • cells typically do not operate independently
  • work in groups
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2
Q

Tissues

A
  • groups of similar cells that perform a common function
  • epithelial tissue
  • connective tissue
  • nervous tissue
  • muscle tissue
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3
Q

epithelial tissue

A
  • sheet of cells that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity
  • forms the outer layer of skin
  • lines the open cavities of the digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive systems
  • lines glands of th body
  • forms a boundary between the inner body and the external environment
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4
Q

types of epithelial tissue cell

A
  • squamous
  • cuboidal
  • columnar
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5
Q

epithelial tissue- general featurs

A

Simple- single layer of cell

stratified- two or more layers of cells

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6
Q

simple squamous

A
  • single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped central nuclei and sparse cytoplasm; the simplest of the epithelia
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7
Q

simple squamous- endothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium lining lymphatic and blood vessels and heart

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8
Q

simple squamous - mesothelium

A

simple squamous epithelium of the serous membrane that lines the ventral body cavity

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9
Q

simple columnar

A
  • single layer of tall cells with round-oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain mucus-secreting unicellular glands (goblet cells)
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10
Q

simple squamous- function

A

allows materials to pass by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important

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11
Q

simple squamous- location

A
  • kidney glomeruli
  • air sacs of lungs
  • lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels
  • lining of ventral body cavity
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12
Q

simple columnar- function

A
  • absorption

- sercretion of mucus, enzymes. ciliated type propels mucus by ciliary action

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13
Q

simple columnar- location

A

non ciliated- line most of digestive tract (stomach to rectum), gallbladder, and excretory ducts of some glands;
ciliated variety- lines small bronchi, uterine tubes and some regions of the uterus

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14
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A
  • single layer of cells of differing heights (some not reaching surface)
  • nuclei seen at different levels
  • may contain mucus-secreting cells and bear cilia
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15
Q

pseudostratified epithelium- function

A
  • secrete substances (mucus)

- propultion of mucus by ciliary action

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16
Q

pseudostratified epithelium- location

A
  • nonciliated type in male’s sperm-carrying ducts
  • ducts of large gland
  • ciliated lines trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract
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17
Q

stratified squamous

A
  • thick membrane composed of several cell layers
  • basal cells are cuboidal or columnar and metabolically active
  • surface cells are flattened
  • in the keratinised type, the surface cells are full of keratin and dead
  • basal cells are active in mitosis and produce the cells of the more superficial layers
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18
Q

stratified squamous- function

A

protect underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion

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19
Q

stratified squamous- location

A
  • nonkeraitinised type form the moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, vagina
  • keratinised forms the epidermis of the skin, a dry membrane
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20
Q

connective tissue

A
  • most abundant tissue type in body

- 4 classes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood

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21
Q

connective tissue- functions

A
  • binding and support of other tissues
  • protection of organs
  • insulation of organs
  • storage of energy reserves(fat)
  • transporting substances within the body
22
Q

connective tissues- fibres

A
  • provide support
  • collagen fibres: strength
  • elastic fibres: stretch and recoil
  • reticular fibres: similar to collagen, finer fibres
23
Q

Connective tissue cells

A
  • fibroblast- secrets the fibres
  • mast cells: activate the inflammatory response
  • macrophages:dispose of dead cells and foreign substances
  • fat cells:energy reserve
  • WBC: migrate to site in response to infection or injury
24
Q

connective tissue: ground substance

A
  • unstructured material that fills the space between the fibres and cells
  • contains fluid that enables nutrients and substances to diffuse between blood vessels and cells
25
Q

Loose CT

A

Loose irregular arrangement of the fibres

  • areolar: cushions organs, holds fluid
  • adipose: energy reservoir
  • reticular: reticular
26
Q

Dense CT

A
  • closely packaged fibres arranged in one direction
  • high strength and resistance to tension
    (tendon)
27
Q

Dense irregular CT

A
  • bundles of CT arranged irregularly

- endure pulling forces from different directions

28
Q

Dense elastic CT

A
  • dense regular arrangement of elastic fibres
  • walls of some blood vessels
  • endure stretch to return blood vessel to original shape
29
Q

integumentary system

A
  • skin

- accessory structures(hair, nails, various glands)

30
Q

Epidermis

A
  • keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
31
Q

Cells of epidermis- Keratinocytes

A
  • most numerous cell in epidermis

- produce keratin & lamellar ganules (protects the skin)

32
Q

Cells of epidermis- melanocytes

A
  • located in basal layer
  • produce pigment melanin
  • protects nucleus of keratinocytes from UV radiation damage
33
Q

Cells of epidermis- langerhans cells

A
  • ingest foreign substances
  • located in stratum spinosum
  • easily damaged by UV radiation
34
Q

Cells of epidermis- merkel cells

A
  • tactile cell
  • located in basal layer
  • detect sensation of touch
35
Q

Dermis

A
  • deep to epidermis
  • bundles of collagen & elastic fibres
  • endure pulling action from multiple directions
  • rich supply of blood vessels and nerves
  • hair follicles, sweat and oil glands present
36
Q

Dermis- papillary layer

A
  • top region
  • areolar CT
  • macrophages easily wander through the dermis
37
Q

Dermis- reticular layer

A
  • deeper region
  • dense irregular CT
  • endured pulling action from multiple directions
38
Q

Skin colour

A

melanin:

  • produced by melanocytes
  • same number of malanocytes in most people
  • amount of melanin produced differs

carotene: yellow/orange pigment
hemoglobin: pink colour to skin

39
Q

Hair- layers

A

medulla- core
cortex- several layers of flattened cells
cuticle- single layer of overlapping cells

40
Q

Skin glands

A
  • sudiferous(sweat) glands- produce sweat
  • sebaceous glands produce oil
  • ceruminous glands produce ear wax
  • mammary glands produce milk
41
Q

Sudiferous glands

A

Eccrine sweat glands

  • abundant on palms, soles of feet & forehead
  • secrete sweat
  • 99% water, NaCl and other wastes
  • pH 4-6
  • body temperature regulation
42
Q

Sudiferous glands

A

Apocrine sweat glands

  • located in axillary & anogenital regions
  • sweat that contains fat and proteins
  • codourless, however bacteria decompose the proteins in the sweat to produce an unpleasant body odour
  • become active at puberty
  • not involved in body temperature regulation
  • function unknown
  • suggested to be equivalent to animals sexual scent glands
43
Q

Sebaceous glands

A
  • absent on palms and soles of feet
  • open in to hair follicles
  • secretes oily product (sebum)
  • softens hair and skin
  • prevents hair becoming brittle
  • prevents excess water evaporation
  • inhibits certain bacterial growth on skin
44
Q

Functions of skin - protection

A

Physical barrier - continuous layer of keratinised epithelium that is impenetrable and waterproof

Chemical barrier:

  • sebum contains antibacterial substances
  • acidic pH prevents bacterial growth
  • melanin protects against UV radiation

Biological barrier

  • langerhans cells
  • dermal macrophages
45
Q

Functions of skin - body temperature regulation

A

Increaseing body temp

  • sweat production and blood vessel dilation
  • removal of ecess body heat

decrease body temp:

  • vasoconstriction
  • conservation of body heat
46
Q

Functions of skin- cutaneous sensation

A
  • abundance of sensory receptors
    touch
    pain
    temperature
47
Q

functions of skin - vit D synthesis , excretion

A
  • important in calcium storage in bones

- elimination of small amounts of wastes via sweating

48
Q

Integumentary system across lifespan- newborn

A
  • skin is very thin, prone to injury& possible infections
  • born with vernix caseosa
49
Q

integumentary system across lifespan- infancy and childhood

A
  • skin thickens and subcuateous fat deposits increase
50
Q

integumentary system across lifespan- adolescence

A
  • increase sebaceous gland activity

- appearance of acne

51
Q

integumantary system across the lifespan- pregnancy

A
  • pigmentation on skin of face (chloasma)
  • striae gravidarum
  • linea nigra
52
Q

integumentary system across lifespan- elderly

A
  • reduced melanin production (grey hair)
  • decreased cell replacement in epidermis (skin thins)
  • reduced melanocytes and langerhan cells (risk of cancer)
  • reduced hair follicle activity (thinning of hair)
  • reduced production and qual of collagen and elastic fibres in dermis (wrinkles)
  • reduced sebaceous gland activity (skin and hair become dry and brittle)
  • reduced subcutaneous fat (intolerance to cold)

Bioscience 1 (13 decks)

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