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Bioscience 1 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the respiratory system

A
  • supply body with O2, removal of CO2
  • provides airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms entering air
  • filters and cleans inspired air
  • serves as a resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
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2
Q

trachea

A
  • located anterior of esophagus
  • cartilage rings prevent from collapsing
  • mucous secreted into lining to trap debris
  • cilia beat to push debris trapped by mucous upwards towards pharynx
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3
Q

conducting zone

A
  • nose, nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, terminal bronchioles
    >conducts air to respiratory zones
    >filters, humidifies and warms air
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4
Q

respiratory zone

A
  • respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

> site of gas exchange

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5
Q

conducting zone structures

A

trachea > primary bronchi > secondary bronchi > tertiary bronchi > terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

respiratory zone structures

A

respiratory bronchioles > alveolar ducts > alveolar sacs

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7
Q

nose

A

produces mucus, filters, warms and moistens air, resonance chamber for speech

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8
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

mucus lined, air filled cavities in cranial bones surrounding nose

  • same as nose except no receptors for smell
  • lightens skull
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9
Q

pharynx

A

passageway connecting nasal cavity to larynx and oral cavity to esophagus
- passageway for air and food

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10
Q

larynx

A

connects pharynx to trachea
has framework of cartilage and dense connective tissue
opening can be closed by epiglottis or vocal folds
- air passage way, prevents food from entering lower respiratory tract

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11
Q

developmental aspects

A
  • lungs dont work in fetus
  • blood bypasses lungs
  • blood is oxygenated and co2 removal is via placenta
  • at birth respiratory centres activated, alveoli inflate and lungs start to function
  • 2 wks after birth before lungs are fully inflated
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12
Q

aging and the respiratory sistem

A
  • respiratory efficency decreases
  • reduced lung compliance
  • reduced exercise restricts usage and inflation
  • bones ache, limiting inflation
  • poor nutritional status
  • clearance poor (inc. aspiration pneumonia)
  • development of chronic conditions (COPD)
  • possible strokes, circulatory problems
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13
Q

links to other body systems

A
  • provide oxygen for muscle activity and normal neural activity
  • blood is medium transport for O2 and CO2
  • digestive system provides nutrients needed by respiratory organs
  • kidney dispose of metabolic wastes of the respiratory system
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14
Q

inspiration

A
  • external intercostal muscle contract > rib cage elevates
  • diaphragm contracts > move downwards & causes intrapulmonary pressure to decrease
  • air flows from high pressure to low pressure withing lungs> leads to air flowing into the lungs
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15
Q

expiration

A
  • external intercostal muscles relax > rip cage return to original position
  • diaphragm relaxes > move back upwards and cause thoracic cavity vol to decrease
  • air flows from high pressure (in lungs) to low pressure > air flows out of lungs
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16
Q

gas exchange

A
  • movement of O2 and CO2 by simple diffusion along a concentration gradient
  • occurs between lung and blood ( external respiration)
  • between blood and tissues (internal respiration)
17
Q

Boyles law

A
  • ventilation > movement of air in and out of lungs
  • gas pressure and vol are inversley related
  • thoracic vol inc > intrapulmonary pressure decreases > air enters lungs
  • thoracic vol dec. > intrapulmonary pressure inc >air exits lungs
18
Q

Daltons law of partial pressure

A
  • total pressure exerted by mixture of gases = sum of pressures exerted by each gas
  • partial pressure
    > pressure exerted by each gas in mixture
    > directly proportional to its percentage in mixture
19
Q

Henrys law

A

gas mixtures in contact w/ liquid
- each gas dissolves in proportion to its PP
- @ equilibrium, pp in 2 phases will be equal
- amount of each gas that will dissolve depends on
> solubility- CO2 20 times more soluble in water than O2; little N2 dissolves in water
> temperature - as temp rises, solubility decreases

20
Q

external respiration

A
  • exchange of O2 and CO2 across respiratory membrane in lungs between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries
  • pp o2 higher in alveoli compared to in pulmonary capillaries > O2 diffuses into blood from alveoli (oxygenating blood)
  • pp presure co2 higher in pulmonary capillaries compared to alveoli > CO2 diffuses into alveoli from blood to be exhaled
21
Q

external respiration influencers

A
  • thickness and surface area of respiratory membrane
  • partial pressure gradients and gas solubility
  • ventilation-perfusion coupling
22
Q

internal respiration

A
  • exchange of co2 and o2 in body tissues between cells and systemic capillaries
  • pp and diffusion gradients reversed compared to external
    > pp o2 in systemic capillaries higher compared to in cells - oxygen diffuses from blood tissues (o2 to be used by cells)
    > pp co2 in cells higher compared to in systemic capillaries - co2 diffuses from tissues to blood (co2 to be transported to lungs for removal)
23
Q

oxygen transport

A
  • 1.5% dissolved in plasma
  • 98% loosely bound to iron atoms present in hemoglobin present within red blood cells
  • 4 molecules o2 per Hb
24
Q

co2 transport

A

3 forms:

  • 7-10% dissolved in plasma
  • 20% bound to globin of hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
  • 70% transported as bicarbonate ions in plasma
25
Q

neural control of respiratory patterns - pontine respiratory centres

A
  • interact w/ medullary respiratory centres to smooth the respiratory pattern
26
Q

neural control of respiratory patterns - ventral respiratory group (VRG)

A
  • contains rhythm generators whose output drives respiration
27
Q

neural control of respiratory patterns - dorsal respiratory group (DRG)

A
  • integrates peripheral sensory input and modifies the rhythms generated by the VRG
28
Q

chemical control of breathing

A

chemoreceptors detect changes in chemical composition within the blood & relay info to respiratory centres to adjust breathing

  1. central chempreceptors in brain stem
  2. peripheral chemoreceptors - aortic arch
    - carotid arteries

Bioscience 1 (13 decks)

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