WEEK 5 Flashcards
Schemas in Person Perception
- Cognitive Accessibility determines which schema is used
- We attend to schema-consistent information
- If you don’t expect to see something you won’t see it- Blindspot (gorilla + basketball)
- Ex. Who done it, missing information
Cognitive Confirmation Bias ** once again
- Interpret behaviour as consistent with schema
- Remember (behaviours as consistent with schema)
- Biased hypothesis testing to confirm this schema - biased evidence seeking and memory search
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy ** important
Person A has expectation of Person B
Influences how Person A acts to person B
Causes person B to act with Person As expectation
Confirms original beliefs of Person A about Person B
Ex. Man on phone with attractive/unattractive woman
Implicit Personality Theories
Ex. Someone who is helpful is honest, someone who is likeable doesn’t have STIS–> I don’t need protection
Attractive people rated less likely to have STI- base rates ignored
Internal Vs External Attributions
Internal: About the person. An attitude/ personality trait.
External: About the situation. Most people would react the same way in those circumstances.
Ex. Spills wine (clumsy vs an accident) doesn’t text back (rude vs phone is broken)
Kelly’s Covariation Model
For something to be the cause of a behaviour, must be present when behaviour occurs and absent when the behaviour does not occur *
There can be many possible causes
3 types of info assessed
Consistency: Does X Person respond to Stimulus the same way across time? (Jacob flirts with Amy)
Distinctiveness: Does X person respond to other stimuli in the same way or different ways (Jacob flirts with everyone)
Consensus: How do other people respond to stimulus Y (Not many people flirt with Amy)
Can sometimes rely on other principles.. Discounting, Augmentation
Fundamental Attribution Error / Correspondence Bias
Overestimate amount that peoples behaviour is caused by internal factors.
Underestimate the impact of situational factors
Ex. Attitudes, abilities, personality
Explanations for FAE
- Motivation
- Cultural Norms –> Chinese less likely to exhibit FAE, than people from analytically thinking cultures.
- Perceptual Salience –> focus of peoples attention
Salience Bias: Attribute outcomes that stand out, the person is more salient, situation is less salient
Defensive Attributions
Unrealistic Optimism: Belief that good things will happen more often and bad things less often to you as opposed to others.
Belief in a just world: Assumes that bad things only happen to bad people
Self Enhancing Attributions:
Success: Internal
Failture: External
Students Attribution: Must be the exam
Defining Emotions
Emotion: Linked to specific event
Mood: Generalized feelings
Affect: Range of emotions
James-Lange Theory of Emotions
Body process comes first Then you label the emotion Ex. Stimulus --> Funeral Body Process --> Cry Subjective Emotion Specific to feeling --> Sad Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Schacter Singer Theory of Emotion
Several emotions share the same physiological experiences
1. Physiological Arousal
2. Cognitive Label (Fear )
Misattribution of Arousal
Misattribution of Arousal
Male participants, attractive female at the end. Mistaken fear for attractiveness
If the bridge was scary: 50% of participants called her ‘about questions’ bridge wasn’t scary, only 12% called
Lying & Nervousness can also elicit arousal
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Isn’t replicated well
Getting people to make a face, hypothesized that doing this would make them feel an emotion ** look more into this
Happiness
Income: more money you make the happier you are. Up to 70 grand
Over-estime events in our life on our happiness- only true immediately after the event (accident/lottery) a year later doesn’t have much different on happiness
Social comparisons: how much your friends/neighbours make
Universal Emotions
Sadness, Anger, Disgust, Fear Surprise, Happiness
Divergent Decoding
Sometimes difficult to decode an effect- blending effects, reality they’re just making a ‘neutral’ face
Situational factors for encoder and decoder
Nonverbal: touch, eyes, gestures, facial expressions, tone of voice
Group Differences- Culture
Happiness easiest to encode
All other emotions able to decode with better than chance odds
Women are not more emotional than men **NO DIFFERENCE IN EMOTIONS. Just how they express their emotions
Functions of Emotions
- Promote Belongingness, 2. Communicate information (email/text dilemma)
- Motivate behaviour
Yerkes Dodson Law
Emotions can help and hurt decision making, can also guide choices
The more arousal you feel, the better you perform at simple tasks- more emotion the better
Not for complex tasks
Collectivist vs Individualist Societies and Emotion
Collectivist: Find it less appropriate to express emotions. Value groups over individuals.
Individualist: Emotions are important personal experiences
Mehrabian Formula
How important each cue is for decoding?
55% facial expression- most important
38% time, cues 7%
When do mistakes happen
- Context: ambiguous information for person experiencing
or person interpreting emotion - Affect blends (mix of anger and disgust)
- Hiding Emotion – some emotions aren’t appropriate to show in some cultures
