Week 5

Question 1

compartments of the forearm

Answer 1

extensor-supinator compartment and flexor-pronator compartment

Question 2

what muscle does the median nerve pass through after the cubital fossa

Answer 2

pronator teres

Question 3

What muscle does the ulnar nerve pass through

Answer 3

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 4

How are the muscles of the posterior forearm classified

Answer 4

superficial, intermediate, deep

Question 5

what is the primary action of posterior forearm muscles

Answer 5

extend the wrist

Question 6

what nerve innervates the posterior forearm muscles

Answer 6

radial nerve

Question 7

What muscles are in the superficial layer of posterior forearm muscles and what nerve innervates them?

Answer 7

• Brachioradialis: Radial nerve
• Extensor carpi radialis longus: Radial nerve
• Extensor carpi radialis brevis:Deep branch of radial nerve
• Extensor digitorum
• Extensor digiti minimi (EDM)
• Extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU)

Question 8

What muscles are in the deep layer of posterior forearm muscles and what nerve innervates them?

Answer 8

• Supinator: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7,C8)
• Extensor indicis: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
• Abductor pollicis longus: Posterior interosseous nerve (C7,C8), continuation of deep branch of radial nerve
• Extensor pollicis longus
• Extensor pollicis brevis

Question 9

Symptoms of injured radial nerve

Answer 9

• sharp or burning pain, as well as unusual sensations in your thumb and fingers.
• It’s common to experience numbness, tingling, and trouble straightening your arm.
• You may also find that you can’t extend or straighten your wrist and fingers.

Question 10

Causes of Basal Cell carcinoma

Answer 10

• Solar UV radiation
• UV-B and UV-A rays
• Xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 11

Risk factors of Basal Cell carcinoma

Answer 11

• Age: 60 and older
• Sex: men
• Genetics: Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin-Goltz syndrome)-PTCH1gene variant
• Ethnicity/race: fair skin, red/blonde hair

Question 12

Clinical presentation of basal cell carcinoma

Answer 12

Papules and nodules with central ulceration, erosion, or depression/ Waxy/ Raised or crusty border/ Bleeds when knocked or pulled/ Translucent or pearly/ Pigmented

Question 13

Benign melanocyctic nevi

Answer 13

• moles
• caused by mutations in components of the Ras signaling pathway
• tan to brown in color
• uniformly pigmented
• small (usually less than 6 mm across)
• flat macules or elevated papules with well-defined, rounded borders

Question 14

Squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 14

Proliferation of  atypical keratinocytes arising from the epidermis infiltrating the dermis

Question 15

Basal cell carcinoma

Answer 15

proliferation of basophilic cells arising from the basal epidermis infiltrating the dermis

Question 16

Melanoma

Answer 16

tend to form nests that are malignant and pigments

Question 17

Maturation of nevi

Answer 17

-scattered dendritic melanocytes–junctional nevus–compound nevus–dermal nevus– dermal nevus with neurotization

Question 18

Steps of tumor progression in dysplastic nevi

Answer 18

-lentinginous melanocytic hyperplasia–lentiginous melanocytic hyperplasia–lentinginous compound nevus with abnormal architecture and cytologic features–early melanoma–advanced melanoma