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Unit 3: SXS lab > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does spermatogenesis take place>

A

seminiferous tubules of the testes

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2
Q

Stages of sperm development

A
  • spermatogonial phase: mitosis occurs
  • spermatocyte phase: meiosis occurs
  • spermatid phase: differentiation into mature sperm
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3
Q

Spermatogenesis phases

A
  1. Spermatocytogenesis: Type A spermatogonia to Type B spermatogonia.
  2. Meiosis: primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes to spermatids.
  3. Spermiogenesis: spermatids –> spermatozoa
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4
Q

Spermiogenesis phases

A
  • a. Golgi phase: Golgi body enzymes form acrosome
  • b. Acrosomal phase: Acrosome condenses around nucleus to form the cap
  • c. Tail phase: Centriole elongates to form tail
  • d. Maturation phase: spermatid loses excess cytoplasm and forms the mature sperm
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5
Q

Spermatocytogenesis explanation

A

Type A spermatogonia divide mitotically to replace themselves and to produce cells that begin differentiation (Type B spermatogonia).

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6
Q

Meiosis phase explanation

A

Cells in prophase 1 are primary spermatocytes. They go through meiosis I and become secondary spermatocytes. The cells quickly proceed through this stage and complete meiosis II resulting in spermatids. All of these progeny cells remain attached to each other by cytoplasmic bridges. The bridges remain until sperm are fully differentiated.

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7
Q

Spermatozoa

  • parts
  • length
  • motility
A
  • head (acrosome; contains enzymes to help penetrate ovum and nucleus), neck (contains mito for energy), tail (flagellum for movement)
  • 60 micro-meters
  • becomes motile in the epididymis
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8
Q

Oogenesis

A

-Before birth:
oogonium through mitosis to primary oocyte (arrests in prophase I)
-After puberty:
primary oocyte finishes meiosis and makes secondary oocyte (arrests in metaphase II; will be ovulated and wait for fertilization until it is shed through menstration

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9
Q

what is an oogonium

A

diploid cell that is the precursor to an oocyte

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10
Q

what is a primary oocyte

A

diploid cell produced by mitotic division of oogonia, arrest in prophase I

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11
Q

What stage is the primary oocyte stored until?

A

puberty

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12
Q

when is meosis I completed? meosis II?

A
  • just before ovulation

- only if egg is fertilized

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13
Q

where is primordial follicle found?

A

ovary

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14
Q

where is the primary oocyte found?

A

primordial follicle

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15
Q

when and where do you find the secondary oocyte?

A

-vesicular follicle

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16
Q

ulna

A
  • stabilizing bone of the forearm
  • medial and longer than radius
  • articulates to the humerus (olecranon and coronoid process) had head of radius
17
Q

radius

A
  • lateral and shorter

- articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and peripherally with the radial notch of the ulna

18
Q

movements of ulna and radius

A

supination and pronation

19
Q

which bone pivots are the other? radius or ulna? how does this affect movement of hand?

A

radius pivots around ulna

20
Q

segments of the hand

A
  • Phalanges
  • metacarpals
  • Carpals
21
Q

Phalanges

  • how many?
  • segments
  • name
A
  • 14
  • distal, middle, proximal-each with a base, shaft, and head
  • by number, thumb being 1, pinky being 5
22
Q

Metacarpals

  • how many?
  • name
  • segments
A
  • 5
  • by number, thumb being 1, pinky being 5
  • base, shaft, head
23
Q

Carpals

  • how many?
  • concave vs convex
  • movement in relation to each other
A
  • 8
  • concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly
  • Augmenting movement at the wrist joint, the two rows of carpal bones glide on each other; in addition, each bone glides on those adjacent to it
24
Q

Names of carpals

-anatomical position, proximal to distak, medial to lateral

A

-pisiform, triquetrium, lunate, scaphoid, hook of hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

25
Q

Why are radiographs of hand and wrist commonly use to assess skeletal age?

  • first to ossify
  • last to ossify
A
  • ossification centers are obvious
  • centers for capitate and hamate
  • carpal bones
26
Q

Which bones of the wrist attach to the forearm?

A

scaphoid, lunate, and triquetreum attach to the distal end of radius and articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint

27
Q

Movements of the wrist (4)

A
  • flexion
  • extension
  • adduction
  • abduction
28
Q

Space that occupies distal ulna and proximal row of carpal bones

A

articular disc of distal radio-ulnar joint

29
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A
  • transverse palmar ligament
  • forms roof of carpal tunnel and turns the carpal arch into the carpal tunnel by bridging space between medial and lateral parts of the arch
30
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

-tenderness and neuropathy to hand and arm related to median nerve compression

31
Q

Carpal tunnel boundaries

A
  • carpal bones (inferiorly)

- flexor retinaculum (superiorly)

32
Q

Carpal tunnel contents

A

○ Flexor Digitorum superficialis tendons (4)
○ Median Nerve (laterally)
○ Flexor Pollicis Longus tendon (laterally)
Flexor Digitorum profundus tendons (4)

33
Q

artery of the wrist used for taking pulse

A

-radial artery, on distal radius the artery is only covered by skin and fascia making it ideal to check pulse

34
Q

most common fracture in adolescents

  • bones involved
  • MOA
A

Distal forearm fracture;

  • radius and ulna involved
  • fall onto out stretched arm
35
Q

bone of proximal carpal row most often fractured/ experience a non-union?
-role arterial blood flow plays in adverse outcome

A
  • scaphoid

- very little blood flow to the scaphoid causing avascular necrosis to proximal fragment of scaphoid

36
Q

sternoclavicular joint

  • bones
  • ligaments
  • movements
A
  • sternal end of the clavicle articulates with the manubrium and the 1st costal cartilage
  • interclavicular ligament: strengthens the capsule superiorly, extends from the sternal end of one clavicle to the sternal end of the other clavicle; costoclavicular ligament:anchors the inferior surface of the sternal end of the clavicle to the 1st rib and its costal cartilage
  • anteriorly, posteriorly, superiorly, inferiorly
37
Q

acromioclavicular joint

  • bones
  • ligaments
  • Coracoacromial arch
  • movement
A
  • clavicle articulates with the acromion of the scapula
  • Coracoclavicular ligament, conoid ligament, trapezoid ligament
  • protectivearchformed by the smooth inferior aspect of the acromion and the coracoid process of the scapula with thecoracoacromialligament spanning between them.
  • rotation
38
Q

glenohumeral joint

  • bones
  • ligaments
  • dislocations
A
  • humeral headarticulates with the glenoid cavityof the scapula
  • Glenohumeral ligaments, coracohumeral ligament, transverse humeral ligament, coracoacromial ligament
  • presence of the coraco-acromial arch and support of the rotator cuff are effective in preventing upward dislocation, most dislocations of the humeral head occur in the downward (inferior) direction
39
Q

elbow joint

  • bones
  • ligaments
A
  • humerus with ulna and radius

- Radial collateral ligament, anular ligament of radius, ulnar collateral ligament

Unit 3: SXS lab (7 decks)

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