Week 5 Flashcards
What is language?
a socially shared code, rule-governed symbolic system for representing concepts
What is verbal language?
auditory comprehension and verbal expression
What is written language?
requires reading comprehension and written expression
Waht is sign language?
comprehension and expression
What is Alternative and Augmentative Communication?
comprehension and expression with use of a microphone
What kind of processing is language?
cognitive, NOT motor processing
What part of the brain is involved with metaphors, gestalt (reasons for things), interpreting intonation patterns/prosody?
the right perisylvian area (NON-DOMINANT SIDE)
What is PECS?
a picture exchange communication system, helpful for people with language disabilities
What is syntax?
grammar, or grammatical rules which govern how words are combined in any given language
What is a morpheme?
the smallest meaningful unit in a language
e.g., walk
What is a bound morpheme?
a morpheme which must be combined with anotehr root word
e.g., -ing, -s, -er
What is morphology?
the study of the rules which govern how morphemes are combined
e.g., word order, etc.
What are semantics?
the MEANING base of language
What are pragmatics?
HOW language is used socially to communicate with others - how it functions
What is morphosyntax?
a combo word of word order with grammar (they tend to overlap)
What composes language?
form, use, and content
What is form in language/
phonology, morphology, and syntax
What is use in language?
pragmatics
What is content in language?
semantics
Where is morphosyntax in language?
at the interchane of the three parts of language - form, use, and content (FUC)
What is the most important nature in languagae associated with autism spectrum disorder?
the use of language, or pragmatics
What are the classifications of language disabilities?
primary and secondary, vs. developmental and acquired
What is SLI?
a specific language impairment ONLY, nothing else
e.g., recognizing certain consonants (form, content, or use)
What other challenges are often associated with language impairment?
intellectual disabilities, ASD, hearing loss, etc.
What category do SLI or language impairments associated with other challenges classified as?
a primary or secondary disability
What is an example of a developmental language disability?
one that is congenital/present at birth
What is the opposite of a developmental disability?
an acquired disability
e.g., one as a CVA or TBI
What is TBI?
traumatic brain injury, which is associated with language disabilities
What is CVA?
cerebrovascular accident, or a stroke, which is often associated with language disabilities
Where are these disorders categorized?
e.g., intellectual developmental disorder, communication disorder, ASD, and specific language disorder
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - 5 (or DSM-5)
What disorder is the main focus of SLP?
speech sound disorder (phonological processes, dyspraxia, or dysarthria)
What is NOT associated with communication disorders (re: type of syndrome)
Asperger’s Syndrome, without repetition of behaviours
dWhat are the three secondary conditions associated with language impairment?
Hearing loss
Intellectual disabilities
Autism Spectrum Disorder
What is associated with hearing loss as a secondary condition with language impairment?
conductive loss (mechanical) sensorineural loss (whether hearing is perceived at all) central hearing impairment
What is a disorder associated with central hearing impairment?
Landau-Kleffner Disorder
What is Landau-Kleffner Disorder?
a seizure disorder that is like ‘hearing the wind’ which is associated with an inability to INTERPRET phonology
What is associated with intellectual disabilities as a secondary condition with language impairment?
Global developmental delay, seizure disabilities, birth trauma, ideopathic
What is the most common Global Development Delay syndrome?
Down Syndrome
How do you determine Global developmental delay?
by getting a back-history from parents of the child, etc.
What is associated with ideopathic issues with intellectual disabilties?
myelination issues due to less development in the perisylvian areas, etc. which run in families
What runs in families that is associated with an inability to keep up with conversation?
an idiopathic condition that involves myelination issues likely in the perisylvian area
What previously was considered ASD in terms of language impairment?
Asperger Syndrome, and PDD-NOS
What is PDD-NOS?
a Pervasive Developmental Disorder - Not Otherwise Specified, one of the four autism spectrum disorders
What is involved with language impairment in terms of ASD?
it is associated more with pragmatics/using language than form or its content
What is Specific Language Impairment?
also known as SLI, it involves language delays (receptive and/or expressive) with no obvious underlying cause
What is usually diagnosed after 3 years old in terms of comprehension issues?
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
Do the majority of “late talkers” catch up with their peers?
not necessarily, it’s more like 35 - 60%
Does SLI affect a lot of kids?
no, about 7% of 5 year-olds
Is SPI involved with diverse or specific symptomatology?
ironically, it’s associated with diverse ones
What are issues associated with vocabulary, morphosyntax, general word formulation, word retrieval and pragmatics associated with?
Specific Language Impairment
What is general formulation?
an inability to figure out word patterns to express self
What does figuring out the word patterns in language generally issues with?
working memory
If one has issues with expression, is comprehension issues a given?
no
If you have comprehension issues, do you have expression issues?
yes
What is an issue when people struggle socially for being off-topic due to slow interpretations in conversations?
issues with pragmatics/usage
What kind of global developmental delay is associated with low monospatial skills with language?
Williams Syndrome
What is the behaviourist approach to language development?
Associated with Skinner, it is the shaping and REINFORCEMENT of speech attempts
Who wrote VERBAL BEHAVIOUR in 1957?
B. F. Skinner, associated with learning by reinforcement
What is the major issue with Skinner’s approach to language development?
he considered babies “empty” vessels in which language would be inserted, rather than engaged learners
What approach is Chomsky associated with?
the nativist or innateness approach - language acquisition device specific to humans is used which cannot explain immediacy of language learning in social context
What is the LAD associated with?
the nativist approach to language development which is associated with Chomsky
What approach followed nativism?
the cognitive approach - focused on information processing,involving semantics, pragmatics, and focuses on language development mediated by the brain
What does the cognitive approach emphasize in learning?
info-processing through experience in learning
Is there a famous theorist associated with the cognitive approach?
naw
What approach of language development was popular in the 1980s?
the social approach, which suggests it is mediated by social experience, which emphasizes CONTEXT and pragmatics
What is involved with social experience in the social approach?
MEMORY
What inspired the biological approach?
kneuroimaging determining responses associated with development, with various language areas such as Broca’s area, etc.
What is the latest language development approach?
the biological approach (emphasis of neuroscience)
What are deficits in linguistic knowledge, limitations in general processing capacity, and
possible underlying causes of language development disorders
What is a problem with a deficit in linguistic knowledge?
some predictions hold for only a limited number of languages
e.g., issues with grammar
What is the most common underlying cause of language development issues?
limitations in GENERAL processing capacity, such as auditory memory capacity limitations, slower processing speed, etc.
What underlying cause is more associated with ASD?
ljimitations in GENERAL PROCESSING CAPACITY
What is a processing deficit in specific mechanisms?
differentiating consonants
What computer program is used with a slow linguistic signal and increases volume in order to discriminate speech sounds?
Fast Forward
What are deficits in working memory for phonological information associated with?
processing deficit in SPECIFIC mechanism
Gathercole and Baddeley, 1990
What skills are associated with language development?
COGNITIVE
MOTOR
SOCIAL
What do clinicians base children’s skills on for their language development?
their play
Why is play used to base a child’s ability for language development?
if kids use play without pretending means that kids do not have the ability to use symbols to represent other things
What are the stages of play development?
- objects-related skills
- means to an end skills (using a tool to complete a task - pushing a chair to a table to get a cookie)
- representational skills - using imagination
What is the order of skills for relating to objects?
reflexes
consistent use of objects (only put in mouth, etc.)
using objects for their different purposes
using function actions on objects
combining and creating representation actions on objects
What is reflexive experience of objects referring to, and when does it occur in development?
babies have reflex-dependent actions that are used to enable their grasping, sucking for feeding, etc.
When does reflexive experience of objects occur?
from birth to 4 months
What is undifferentiated actions on objects, and when does it occur?
babies using consistent actions on objects, regardless of the type object, from month 4 to month 7
What is exploration and differential actions on objects with different affordance properties, and when does it occur?
from 7 to 10 months babies show a preference to particular objects that are soft, etc.
What are conventional or functional actions on objects, and when does it occur?
it begins a close to 1 years old (10 - 12 months), and it’s using objects for their intended purposes (e.g., brushing hair with brush)
At what age can a parent determine whether most reflexes diminish to determine voluntary motor control, as opposed to involuntary motor control?
4 months onwards, and no control could be indicative of cerebral palsy
Why is cerebral palsy so limiting?
it prevents volitional action from occurring, apart from reflexes which limit how a baby can determine his/her own actions
What determines the development of means-ends skills?
1) reflexie experience of events
2) random actions producing results
3) direct means to ends
4) indirect means to ends
5) “tool use”
What is “tool use” in development?
using items for their intended purpose in order to get about a third variable
(10+ months)
e.g., using language as a symbolic tool for communication
What are indirect means to ends in development?
at 8 to 10 months, a baby looks at a parent when pointing at an item to get it
What are the first 3 development of means-ends skills?
reflexes random actions intentional actions (also: indirect means tool use)
Development of representational skills is associated with what 3 categories?
index
iconic
true sign
What is a “true sign”?
a type of representational skill development that can represent an entity on perceiving a sign which has arbitrarily been assigned to it
e.g., associated the animal cat with the morpheme “cat”
What category of development of representational skills is associated with pre-6 month year olds?
recognizing mother’s voice
What is “iconic” representation?
representing an entity when looking at a symbol that is reminiscent of it
e.g., a DRAWING of a dog is a dog (vs. a dog’s tail is the family dog)
when does index representation occur?
6 to 7 months old
What occurs in the pre-intentional stages of sociolinguistic development?
reflexive behaviours that are reactive up to 4 months, and action without intention from 4 to 8 months
At what stages do adults interpret meaning of communication in sociolinguistic development?
at reflexive/reactive and pre-intentional stages (parent infers without actually knowing)
What occurs during the intentional stage of sociolinguistic development?
using symbols such as speech, non-symbolic movements such as pointing, as well as child intentionally communicates in order for the parent to try to interpret it
If a baby is reaching for objects and finds a rattle which she shakes while sitting up, how old is she?
it is pre-intentional but not reflexive, so she is likely just about 8 months
if a child plays with a toy and then looks at her dad to grab her a stuffed animal, how old is she?
since she is using indirect end-means and is intentionally playing with a toy, she is probably around 8 months
What is at the top of the general assessment approaches?
a language screening
What is at the bottom of the general assessment approaches?
ongoing evaluation through repeated sessions
If a child has language concerns, what would you do first?
if a hearing test has already concluded it isn’t a hearing issue, I would undergo a language screening (looks for potential issues, rather than a full diagnostic)
Following a language screening, what would be needed to determine next steps?
talking to the parent about the child’s case history
Once you know what concerns the parent has with their child, what is next to do?
an informal observation would be helpful, particularly for autistic children
When are standardized tests used?
following an informal observation to provide more “objective” results
What is the key when assessing language development concerns?
ongoing data collection and practice
What is needed for language comprehension and expression?
knowledge of: syntax morphology phonology semantics pragmatics
What is morphology?
word inflections which change the meaning of the root word e.g., plurals, tenses, possession, etc.
What is receptive vocabulary?
determining content (or pictureable words) vs. function (or worlds added to create a sentence)
e.g., cat
vs.
and, the
What are bound morphemes?
those that change the nature of a content word
e.g., -ing to run = running
What else is needed for word order?
understanding passive and active words
What about sentences determines issues?
the in/ability to make compound, or even complex sentences
What else is helpful in determining receptive language skills?
using idioms, and pragmatics for particular social settings
What disorder is associated with issues using function words?
Broca’s aphasia
When do babies begin using consonants?
6 to 7 months
What is used in babbling?
CVCV
What are holophrases?
phrases that are interpreted as one word by a child
e.g., o’erhere instead of over here
What is telegrammatic language?
using mainly content words without many function ones
refers to telegrams using minimal words for less money
What are English sentences composed of?
Subject
Verb
Object
When does stuttering usually begin?
at around w to 3 years of age since complex sentences begin and they find it difficult doing the motor usage for them
What is MLU?
Mean
Length of
Utterance
refers to the average number of morphemes per sentence
What is a typical MLU for a 2 to 3 year old?
3.7 morphemes per sentence
What is LARSP?
Language Assessment Remediation and Screening Procedure
What kind of methods are information observation, language sampling, MLU, and LARSP?
FREEFIELD Methods
What are standardized testing examples?
- receptive-expressive emergent language test
clinical evaluation of language fundaments
structured photographic expressive language test
LARSP
all except LARSP, or
Language Assessment, Remediation Screening Procedure is an example of the Freefield method, not standardized testing
What is missing of this list of standardized testing for syntax and morphology?
receptive-expressive emergent language test
clinical evaluation of language fundaments
structured photographic expressive language test
preschool language scales
How do you evaluate morpho-syntax?
look for understanding of things and production of things
What type of evaluation is word retrieval?
morphosyntax expression
What type of evaluation is increasing length of sentences (compound/complex sentences)?
morphosyntax comprehension
What type of evaluation is general verbal formulation?
morphosyntax expression
What type of evaluation is looking at changes in word order
e.g., active/passive voice, questions
morphosyntax comprehension
How many steps are in LARSP?
5
What is LARSP?
determining age-level of sentence structure, as well as determining morphemes at particular ages
What are the ages for each stage of LARSP?
1 = 0.9 - 1.5 2 = 1.5 - 2 3 = 2 - 2.6 4 = 2.5 - 3 5 = 3 - 3.6
What is associated with dropping verbs?
vocabulary (understanding function and content words), tense consistency, verbal formulation
What type of semantics are divided into standardized tests for vocabulary and Freefield observation?
receptive and expressive
What are these indicative of? turn-taking initiating conversations maintaining conversations concluding conversations interrupting appropriately non-verbal skills
pragmatic skills
What is needed for effective language ?
pragmatic language
What are the three evaluations of pragmatics, and which is preferred and wh?
structured tests (TOPL) checklists Freefield observation across many contexts since it is easily done
What are the issues associated with TOPL?
kids know what to do, but usually can’t put it into practice
What is TOPL?
Test
of
Pragmatic
Language
What is poor word retrieval known as?
dysnomia
What does slurring words associate with?
dysARTHRIA
What is associated with word sequence issues?
dyspraxia
What is Fragile X syndrome associated with?
usually pragmatic skills, verbal formulation and word retrieval challenges, and dysarthria and dysnomia
What are some treatment approaches?
preventative services for at-risk children
What is an example of a parental training program?
Hanen Early Language Parent Program
What is a child-centred approach?
naturalistic play therapy
What are augmentative alternative communication approaches?
using computers for non-verbalism, as well as sign language and picture exchange
What are issues of “total communication”?
issues ith the development of neurocircuitry in the perisylvian area
What are some approaches with dealing with total communication issues?
usingn prompts, pictures, actions, toys, and verbality
What is associated with difficulty verbalizing?
dysarthria
What is typically used with an individual with minimal verbality, like someone with Down syndrome?
sign language
What carries sounds from the inner ear to the auditory cortex?
the auditory nerve (8)
Whaht is another name for the auditory nerve (#8)/
vestibulocochlear nerve
What methods of enervation are found in the auditory nerve to auditory cortex system?
acoustic, mechanical, electrical, and even chemical
What kind of sound waves are picked up by the hair cells in the ear?
neural impulses
What is acoustic energy?
wave energy
What activates acoustic energy?
tympanic member (ear drum) transforms sound into waves that are transformed into mechanical energy in the middle ear
What chain transfers mechanical energy to fluid energy?
the ossicular chain
Where are the hair cells located and on what membrane and what do they transform into?
hair cells on the basilar membrance in the inner ear of the cochlea that transform fluid energy into electrical/neural energy
What is the auditory processing disabilities model?
the Bellis/Ferre Model
What are the primary subtypes of the Bellis/Ferre auditory model?
auditory decoding deficits
prosodic deficits
integration deficits
What would be an example of auditory decoding deficits?
differentiation sound order
e.g., conservation vs. conversation
What subtype are output-organization deficits associated with?
secondary subtypes of the Bellis/Ferre Model
What is auditory processing not undersatnding with background noise associated with?
associative deficits
What is the other type of auditory procesing disability according to the Bellis/Ferre Model?
auditory neuropathy
e.g., central deafness, or not being able to interpret language but can perceive the sounds associated with them
Where is auditory neuropathy in auditory processing disabilities associated with?
the auditory cortex
What is an example of a specific treatment approach for APD?
environmental control
direct therapy approaches
compensatory strategies
Are receptive auditory problems associated with auditory processing disorders?
hell naw
What did Bellis write about?
about the auditory processing disability (Bellis/Ferre Model)
What did Crystal, Fletcher, and Garman write about?
Grammatical analysis of language disability
What did McNeill write about?
The acquisition of language: the study of developmental PSYCHOLINGUISTICS
