Week 1 Flashcards
What is speech and voice?
specific to sounds of the mouth used for communication
What happened in the evolution of the human vocal tract?
Babies’ vocal tract is above their throat, preventing choking. As humans get older, their larynx descends into the vocal tract and lifts each time one swallows, etc.
What is a drawback to the evolution of the human vocal tract?
Airway protection has increased the risk of choking, and aspiration pneumonia
What is cerebral differentiation?
the separation of different structures for different purposes in the brain
Where are the major areas of language in the brain?
on the left hemisphere (considered the dominant one)
What happens if cerebral dominance isn’t found in a person?
both sides fight for dominance in processing, often resulting in dysfluent speech like stuttering, or extensive word-retrieval problems
What is the area in the anterior side of the brain responsible for expressive language?
Broca’s area
What is expressive language?
grammar, syntax, whether verbal or using signs, as well as speech production
What is the area in the more posterior side of the brain responsible for receptive language?
Wernicke’s area
What is receptive language?
that which is involved with comprehension of sound
What role does the arcuate fasciculus play?
it is an “arch of fibres” that connect the two areas of the brain for (hopefully) smooth communication
All apes, chimpanzees and even infants younger than 3 months cannot produce what?
a complete range of formant frequencies to produce speech
Man’s ancestors evolved to produce speech by the descent of the ______ into the _______ _________ allowing the _____ to occupy a higher and more forward position
larynx
vocal tract
tongue
What gained a wider range of motion in evolution for speech?
the jaw
What does the vocal tract lead to?
the trachea and the lungs
Why is it dangerous if there is an opening into the vocal tract for food, water, etc.?
increases the risk of food, water, and bacteria getting in, increasing the risk of choking and even aspiration pneumonia, causing death
What is dysphasia?
having a dysfunction of language
What is aphasia?
having a loss of language
What is the left side of the brain responsible for regarding speech sounds?
rapid processing, like “p” or “g”
What is the right side of the brain responsible for regarding speech?
slower processing, like “a” or “l”
What is the 2nd communication challenge? That of…
language comprehension
What is the third communication challenge? That of…
expressive language
What is the fourth communication challenge? That of…
voice production/resonance
What is the fifth communication challenge? That of…
fluency of speech production
What is the sixth communication challenge? That of…
communicative-cognitive skills/sogial pragmatics
What is the seventh communication challenge? That of…
pre-literacy and literacy skills (reading)
What group tends to have more communication challenges?
young boys
What do young boys have more prevalence for that is under an overall decline?
stuttering, stammering, or other speech problems
What increases the relative risk of children having specific language impairment by parent’s level of education?
parental education less than high school is three-fold that of postsecondary parents
What is the problem with assuming language impairment is associated with parents’ level of education?
it can also be involved with tobacco smoking, breast feeding, and/or other issues
What age group is more likely to have voice challenges?
teachers dealing with children due to screaming in the playground
What is vocal fry?
pitch that has dropped so low usually due to excessive use
What is an ABA therapist?
an individual who works with people with ASD
What is SLI?
specific language impairment
What do Speech-language pathologists assess?
communication and swallowing challenges
What do Speech-language pathologists do intervention for?
communication and swallowing challenges
What do Speech-language pathologists do with students and professionals?
provide education and supervision, as well as for supportive personnel
What do Speech-language pathologists do with and to other professionals?
consult with and refer to them
What do Speech-language pathologists do in universities?
training and research
What do Speech-language pathologists do with administration?
management and policy development
What do audiologists do?
assess and do interventions for hearing and balance challenges
What do audiologists do with students and professionals?
provide education and supervise, including support personnel
Who tends to support speech-language pathologists?
communications disorders assistants
Who is licensed for evaluation or treatment design, and who isn’t?
SLPs are, communications disorders assistants aren’t
Where else can SLPs be found?
- schools
- home-based settings
- long-term care facilities
- private clinics
- universities
- professional associations
hospitals
What is the first area of interest in SLP’s work?
diagnostic challenges
What is the second area of interest in SLP’s work?
crisis management
What is the third area of interest in SLP’s work?
linguistics, neurology and psychology concerns
What is the fourth area of interest in SLP’s work?
personal contact with clients and families
What is the fifth challenge of SLP’s work?
service profession
