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CD > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the brain do for language?

A

it facilitates comprehension and expression

the neural base for speech production

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2
Q

What does the respiratory and phonatory system do for language?

A

it’s the power source

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3
Q

What does the articulatory and resonance systems do for language?

A

it shapes sounds into consonants and vowels

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4
Q

What does the auditory system do for languag?

A

it facilitates reception and perception of sounds

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5
Q

What is the diaphragm?

A

a part of the respiratory system that powers the lungs

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6
Q

What is the trachea?

A

it’s the entrance to the tube to the lungs

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7
Q

What are the intercostal muscles?

A

they probably work with the diaphragm for contraction and dilation of the lungs

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8
Q

What is the glottis?

A

the closure to the lungs that enables the phonotory system go to the oral and/or nasal cavities

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9
Q

What occurs during breathing at rest?

A

inspiration/expiration cycles are even

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10
Q

What occurs during breathing for speech?

A

short inspiration/prlonged expiration as well as postural support

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11
Q

What is the structure of the larynx composed of (top to bottom)?

A 
epiglottis
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage (shield)
cricoid cartilage (ring)
arytenoids (pyramid-shaped)
epiglottis (leaf)
tracheal rings
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12
Q

What cranial nerve supplies the larynx?

A

the vague nerve (10th)

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13
Q

How does the posterior view of the larynx differ from the anterior view?

A

the posterior view shows the epiglottis in full-view, like a balloon at the top

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14
Q

What are the arytenoid cartilages shaped as?

A

pyramids

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15
Q

What shape is the cricoid cartilage?

A

a ring

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16
Q

What is the lateral view of the larynx?

A

the hyoid bone at the top swoops on one side, and underneath is the thyro-hyoid muscle/membrane, followed by the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, which alternates with tracheal rings

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17
Q

What does the larynx do?

A

protects the airway, provides trunk stabilisation/pressure, and is the source of the voice!

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18
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

adductors (close the glottis)

abductors (open the glottis)

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19
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

strap muscles

holds the larynx in position suspended from the hyoid bone (allows for lift and descent in the neck)

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20
Q

What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production?

A

Bernoulli effect + pitch + volume

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21
Q

What is the Bernoulli effect?

A

air moving at a high speed has a reduced pressure, which pulls the vocal cords together

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22
Q

What is pitch?

A

the fundamental frequency (cps or Hz), determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of vocal fold

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23
Q

How is volume determined in voice production?

A

the volume of subglottal air pressure

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24
Q

What is resonance of vocal tract?

A

similar to a musical instrument

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25
Q

What are characteristics of vocal folds?

A

mass, elasticity, and smoothness

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26
Q

What determines resonance?

A

fundamental frequency/harmonics in the larynx and the resonance/formants through the pharynx, oral cavity (and potentiallyl nasal cavity)

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27
Q

What are parts of the mouth associated with resonance?

A

the soft palate, tonsils, uvula, and tongue

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28
Q

What are the muscles of the tongue comprised of?

A

intrinsic muscles - shape of tongue

extrinsic muscles - moves the tongue

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29
Q

What is the nerve supply for the tongue?

A

the hypoglossal nerve as well as the glossopharyngeal, facial, and vagus cranial nerves (12, 11, 7, 10)

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30
Q

What are the parts of the articulators?

A 
lips
teeth
tongue
soft palate
glottis
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31
Q

What are the lips for?

A

spread/rounding

contact with each other and teeth

32
Q

What are the teeth for?

A

contact with other articulators and themselves

malocculsions (Class I, II and III)

33
Q

What are the tongue for?

A

shape (especially vowels)

contact with palate and teeth

34
Q

What is the soft palate for?

A

nasal vs oral resonance/phonemes

35
Q

What is the glottis for?

A

glottal and fricative stops

36
Q

What cranial nerve is associated with hearing?

A

8

37
Q

What are the parts of the hearing system?

A 
outer ear/pinna
middle ear
inner ear
cranial nerve 8
auditory cortex
38
Q

How is energy transformed through the auditory pathway?

A

acoustic waves hit the tympanic membrane which become mechanical energy (ossicles and fluid in cochlear) becoming electrical energy from the hair cells in the 8th cranial nerve

39
Q

what are the parts of the middle ear?

A

external auditory meatus (ear canal) - tympanic membrane - malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) - stapes (stirrup) - oval window - eustachian tube

40
Q

Inner ear

A

semicircular canals - round window - auditory nerve - vestibular nerve and facial nerve

41
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

filled with fluid, functions include hearing and balance

42
Q

What fluids are in the cochlea?

A

perilymph and endolymph

43
Q

What is the basilar membrane

A

hair cells and auditory nerve

44
Q

semicircular canals

A

function like a gyroscope to help maintain balance (vestibular apparatus)

45
Q

What is the auditory nerve?

A

carries sound from the inner ear to the auditory cortex

sounds from each ear reaches both auditory cortices

46
Q

What nerve fibres reachc the auditory cortices from each ear?

A

ipsilateral and contralateral nerve fibres of the auditory nerve

47
Q

Which side of the brain is dominant?

A

left side for language (centre for speech-language in most individuals)

48
Q

What system are the cranial and spinal nerves in?

A

the Peripheral Nervous System

49
Q

What are the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord in?

A

the Central Nervous System

50
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

two hemispheres, four lobes grey vs white matter (white matter)

51
Q

What are the 3 outer meninges of the cerebral cortex?

A

pia
arachnoid
dura mater

52
Q

What are the major fissures of the cerebral cortex?

A

Rolandic

Sylvian

53
Q

What are ridges a.k.a.?

A

gyri

54
Q

What are valleys a.k.a.?

A

sulci

55
Q

What are the 4 lobes?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

56
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

at the back of the frontal lobe

57
Q

Where is the Rolandic Fissure?

A

between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe

58
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex?

A

at the front of the parietal lobe

59
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

on the left side of the frontal lobe, above the Sylvian fissure

60
Q

What is Broca’s area associated with?

A

frontal convolution (speech/expressive language)

61
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

on the posterior portion of the temporal lobe

62
Q

What is Wernicke’s area associated with?

A

hearing/auditory processing

63
Q

what is the arcuate fasciculus associated with?

A

the back-and-forth between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area in language and conversation

64
Q

What is the occipital lobe associated with?

A

vision and reading

65
Q

What is the parietal lobe associated with?

A

reading
writing
word retrieval
general integration

66
Q

What is the perisylvian area?

A

in the left hemisphere

67
Q

Where is the primary auditory cortex?

A

Heschl’s gyrus/inside the Sylvian fissure

68
Q

Where is the primary sensory cortex

A

post-Rolandic fissure

69
Q

What is subcortical white matter?

A

forms centre of brain with the ventricles

70
Q

What are association fibres?

A

they connect within each hemisphere of the cerebrum

71
Q

What are commissural fibres?

A

connect between the 2 hemispheres

e.g., corpous callosum

72
Q

What are projection fibres?

A

connect the brain stem and the spinal cord to the cerebrum

73
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

a subcortical structure that is connected to the cerebellum and cortical areas and is associated with movement

74
Q

What structure is associated with movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease and dystonias?

A

basal ganglia

75
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

receives and transmits information from all areas of the brain

76
Q

What does the thalamus relay?

A

relay station transmitting sensory and motor information between various parts of the cortex

77
Q

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

A 
olfactor 
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
abducens
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus 
hypoglossal
accessory

CD (6 decks)

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