Week 2 Flashcards
What does the brain do for language?
it facilitates comprehension and expression
the neural base for speech production
What does the respiratory and phonatory system do for language?
it’s the power source
What does the articulatory and resonance systems do for language?
it shapes sounds into consonants and vowels
What does the auditory system do for languag?
it facilitates reception and perception of sounds
What is the diaphragm?
a part of the respiratory system that powers the lungs
What is the trachea?
it’s the entrance to the tube to the lungs
What are the intercostal muscles?
they probably work with the diaphragm for contraction and dilation of the lungs
What is the glottis?
the closure to the lungs that enables the phonotory system go to the oral and/or nasal cavities
What occurs during breathing at rest?
inspiration/expiration cycles are even
What occurs during breathing for speech?
short inspiration/prlonged expiration as well as postural support
What is the structure of the larynx composed of (top to bottom)?
epiglottis hyoid bone thyroid cartilage (shield) cricoid cartilage (ring) arytenoids (pyramid-shaped) epiglottis (leaf) tracheal rings
What cranial nerve supplies the larynx?
the vague nerve (10th)
How does the posterior view of the larynx differ from the anterior view?
the posterior view shows the epiglottis in full-view, like a balloon at the top
What are the arytenoid cartilages shaped as?
pyramids
What shape is the cricoid cartilage?
a ring
What is the lateral view of the larynx?
the hyoid bone at the top swoops on one side, and underneath is the thyro-hyoid muscle/membrane, followed by the thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, which alternates with tracheal rings
What does the larynx do?
protects the airway, provides trunk stabilisation/pressure, and is the source of the voice!
What are the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?
adductors (close the glottis)
abductors (open the glottis)
What are the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?
strap muscles
holds the larynx in position suspended from the hyoid bone (allows for lift and descent in the neck)
What is the myoelastic-aerodynamic theory of voice production?
Bernoulli effect + pitch + volume
What is the Bernoulli effect?
air moving at a high speed has a reduced pressure, which pulls the vocal cords together
What is pitch?
the fundamental frequency (cps or Hz), determined by mass, tension, and elasticity of vocal fold
How is volume determined in voice production?
the volume of subglottal air pressure
What is resonance of vocal tract?
similar to a musical instrument
What are characteristics of vocal folds?
mass, elasticity, and smoothness
What determines resonance?
fundamental frequency/harmonics in the larynx and the resonance/formants through the pharynx, oral cavity (and potentiallyl nasal cavity)
What are parts of the mouth associated with resonance?
the soft palate, tonsils, uvula, and tongue
What are the muscles of the tongue comprised of?
intrinsic muscles - shape of tongue
extrinsic muscles - moves the tongue
What is the nerve supply for the tongue?
the hypoglossal nerve as well as the glossopharyngeal, facial, and vagus cranial nerves (12, 11, 7, 10)
What are the parts of the articulators?
lips teeth tongue soft palate glottis
What are the lips for?
spread/rounding
contact with each other and teeth
What are the teeth for?
contact with other articulators and themselves
malocculsions (Class I, II and III)
What are the tongue for?
shape (especially vowels)
contact with palate and teeth
What is the soft palate for?
nasal vs oral resonance/phonemes
What is the glottis for?
glottal and fricative stops
What cranial nerve is associated with hearing?
8
What are the parts of the hearing system?
outer ear/pinna middle ear inner ear cranial nerve 8 auditory cortex
How is energy transformed through the auditory pathway?
acoustic waves hit the tympanic membrane which become mechanical energy (ossicles and fluid in cochlear) becoming electrical energy from the hair cells in the 8th cranial nerve
what are the parts of the middle ear?
external auditory meatus (ear canal) - tympanic membrane - malleus (hammer) - incus (anvil) - stapes (stirrup) - oval window - eustachian tube
Inner ear
semicircular canals - round window - auditory nerve - vestibular nerve and facial nerve
What is the cochlea?
filled with fluid, functions include hearing and balance
What fluids are in the cochlea?
perilymph and endolymph
What is the basilar membrane
hair cells and auditory nerve
semicircular canals
function like a gyroscope to help maintain balance (vestibular apparatus)
What is the auditory nerve?
carries sound from the inner ear to the auditory cortex
sounds from each ear reaches both auditory cortices
What nerve fibres reachc the auditory cortices from each ear?
ipsilateral and contralateral nerve fibres of the auditory nerve
Which side of the brain is dominant?
left side for language (centre for speech-language in most individuals)
What system are the cranial and spinal nerves in?
the Peripheral Nervous System
What are the cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord in?
the Central Nervous System
What is the cerebral cortex?
two hemispheres, four lobes grey vs white matter (white matter)
What are the 3 outer meninges of the cerebral cortex?
pia
arachnoid
dura mater
What are the major fissures of the cerebral cortex?
Rolandic
Sylvian
What are ridges a.k.a.?
gyri
What are valleys a.k.a.?
sulci
What are the 4 lobes?
frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal
Where is the primary motor cortex?
at the back of the frontal lobe
Where is the Rolandic Fissure?
between the frontal lobe and parietal lobe
Where is the primary sensory cortex?
at the front of the parietal lobe
Where is Broca’s area?
on the left side of the frontal lobe, above the Sylvian fissure
What is Broca’s area associated with?
frontal convolution (speech/expressive language)
Where is Wernicke’s area?
on the posterior portion of the temporal lobe
What is Wernicke’s area associated with?
hearing/auditory processing
what is the arcuate fasciculus associated with?
the back-and-forth between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area in language and conversation
What is the occipital lobe associated with?
vision and reading
What is the parietal lobe associated with?
reading
writing
word retrieval
general integration
What is the perisylvian area?
in the left hemisphere
Where is the primary auditory cortex?
Heschl’s gyrus/inside the Sylvian fissure
Where is the primary sensory cortex
post-Rolandic fissure
What is subcortical white matter?
forms centre of brain with the ventricles
What are association fibres?
they connect within each hemisphere of the cerebrum
What are commissural fibres?
connect between the 2 hemispheres
e.g., corpous callosum
What are projection fibres?
connect the brain stem and the spinal cord to the cerebrum
What is the basal ganglia?
a subcortical structure that is connected to the cerebellum and cortical areas and is associated with movement
What structure is associated with movement disorders like Parkinson’s disease and dystonias?
basal ganglia
What is the thalamus?
receives and transmits information from all areas of the brain
What does the thalamus relay?
relay station transmitting sensory and motor information between various parts of the cortex
What are the 12 cranial nerves?
olfactor optic oculomotor trochlear trigeminal abducens facial vestibulocochlear glossopharyngeal vagus hypoglossal accessory
